Oxsoralen

Patient Information

No information provided. Please refer to the WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS sections.

Description

Oxsoralen Lotion is a clear, colorless to straw colored liquid with an odor of acetone. Each ml. of Oxsoralen Lotion contains 10 mg. methoxsalen in an inert vehicle containing alcohol (71% v/v), propylene glycol, acetone, and purified water.

Methoxsalen occurs as white to pale yellow crystals and can be obtained naturally from seeds of Ammi majus and roots of Heracleum Candicans or through synthesis. Methoxsalen is practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in ether, soluble in ether, soluble in acetone and acetic acid, freely soluble in chloroform. The chemical name of methoxsalen is 9-methoxy-7H-furo (3, 2g) (1)-benzopyran-7-one; its empirical formula is C₁₂H₈0₄ andthe molecular weight is 216.19. The structural formula is:

Indications

As a topical repigmenting agent in vitiligo in conjunction with controlled doses of ultraviolet A (320- 400 nm) or sunlight.

Dosage And Administration

Administration

OXSORALEN Lotion is applied to a well-defined area of vitiligo by the physician and the area is then exposed to a suitable credit of UVA. Initial exposure time should be conservative and not exceed that which is predicted to be one-half the minimal erythema dose. Treatment intervals should be regulated by the erythema response; generally once a week is recommended or less often depending on results. The hands and fingers of the person applying the medication should be protected by gloves or finger cots to avoid photosensitization and possible burns.

Pigmentation may begin after a few weeks but significant repigmentation may require 6 to 9 months of treatment. Periodic re-treatment may be necessary to retain all of the new pigment. Idiopathic vitiligo is reversible but not equally reversible in every patient. Treatment must be individualized. Repigmentation will vary in completeness, time of onset, and duration. Repigmentation occurs more rapidly in fleshy areas such as face, abdomen, and buttocks and less rapidly over less fleshy areas such as the dorsum of the hands or feet.

How Supplied

Oxsoralen Lotion containing 1% methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) packaged in 1 ounce (29.57 ml) amber glass bottles (NDC 0187-0402-31). Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15°C-30°C (59°F-86°F).

Manufactured by: Sun Pharmaceuticals Industries, Inc., Bryan, OH 43506 U.S.A. Manufactured for: Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC, Bridgewater, NJ 08807. Revised: May 2011

Systemic adverse reactions have not been reported. The most common adverse reaction is severe burns of the treated area from overexposure to UVA, including sunlight. TREATMENT MUST BE INDIVIDUALIZED. Minor blistering of the skin is not a contraindication to further treatment and generally heals without incident. Treatment would be the standard for burn therapy. Since 1953, many studies have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of topical methoxsalen and UVA for the treatment of vitiligo when used as directed. (Lerner, A.B., et al, 1953)⁶ (Fitzpatrick, T.B., et al, 1966)⁷ (Fulton, James F. et al, 1969)⁸

Drug Interactions

No information provided.

REFERENCES

6. Lerner, A.B.; Denton, C.R.; Fitzpatrick, T.B.: Clinical and experimental studies with 8- methoxypsoralen in vitiligo; J. Inves t. Derm., 20, pp. 299-314 (April, 1953).

7. Fitzpatrick, T.B.; Arndt, K.A.; El Mofty, A.M.: Hydroquinone and psoralens in the therapy of hypermelanosis and vitiligo; Arch Derm., 93, pp. 589-599 (May, 1966).

8. Fulton, James F.; Leyden, James; Papa, Christopher: Treatment of vitiligo with topical methoxsalen and black-lite; Arch. Derm., 101, pp. 224-229 (1969).

Skin Burns

Serious skin burns from either UVA or sunlight (even through window glass) can result if recommended exposure schedule is exceeded and/or protective covering or sunscreens are not used. The blistering of the skin sometimes encountered after UV exposure generally heals without complication or scarring. (Farrington Daniels, Jr., M.D., personal communication). Suitable covering of the area of application or a topical sunblock should follow the therapeutic UVA exposure.

Carcinogenicity

Animal Studies

Topical methoxsalen has been reported to be a potent photocarcinogen in certain strains of mice. (Pathak et al 1959)⁵.

Human Studies

None of our clinical investigators reported skin cancer as a complication of topical treatment for vitiligo. However, it is recommended that caution be exercised when the patient is fair-skinned, has a history of prior coal tar UV treatment, or has had ionizing radiation or taken arsenical compounds. Such patients who subsequently have oral psoralen – UVA treatment (PUVA) are at increased risk for developing skin cancer.

Concomitant Therapy

Special care should be exercised in treating patients who are receiving concomitant therapy (either topically or systemically) with known photosensitizing agents such as anthralin, coal tar or coal tar derivatives, griseofulvin, phenothiazines, nalidixic acid, halogenated salicylanilides (bacteriostatic soaps), sulfonamides, tetracyclines, thiazides and certain organic staining dyes such as methylene blue, toluidine blue, rose bengal, and methyl orange.

REFERENCES

5. Pathak, M.A.; Daniels, F.; Hopkins, C.E.; Fitzpatrick, T.B.: Ultraviolet carcinogenesis in albino and pigmented mice receiving furocoumarins: psoralens and 8-methoxypsoralen, Nature, 183, pp. 728-730 (1959).

This product should be applied only in small well-defined lesions and preferably on lesions which can be protected by clothing or a sunscreen from subsequent exposure to radiant UVA. If this product is used to treat vitiligo of face or hands, be very emphatic when instructing patient to keep the treated areas protected from light by use of protective clothing or sunscreening agents. The area of application may be highly photosensitive for several days and may result in severe burn injury if exposed to additional UV or sunlight.

Carcinogenesis

See WARNING Section.

Pregnancy Category C

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with topical methoxsalen. It is also not known whether methoxsalen can cause fetal harm when used topically on a pregnant woman or affect reproductive capacity. It is not known to what degree, if any, topical methoxsalen is absorbed systemically. Topical methoxsalen should be used in women only when clearly indicated.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether topical methoxsalen is absorbed or excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when topical methoxsalen is used in a nursing mother.

Pediatric Usage

Safety and effectiveness in children below the age of 12 years have not been established.

This does not apply to topical usage. In the unlikely event that the lotion is ingested, standard procedures for poisoning should be followed, including gastric lavage. Protection from UVA or daylight for hours or days would also be necessary. The patient should be kept in a darkened room.

Contraindications

1. Patients exhibiting idiosyncratic reactions to psoralen compounds or a history of sensitivity reactions to them.
2. Patients exhibiting melanoma or with a history of melanoma.
3. Patients exhibiting invasive skin carcinoma generally.
4. Patients with photosensitivity diseases such as porphyria, acute lupus erythematosus, xeroderma pigmentosum, etc.
5. Children under 12 since clinical studies to determine the efficacy and safety of treatment in this age group have not been done.

The exact mechanism of action of methoxsalen with the epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes is not known. Psoralens given orally are preferentially taken up by epidermal cells (Artuc et al, 1979)¹. The best known biochemical reaction of methoxsalen is with DNA. Methoxsalen, upon photoactivation, conjugates and forms covalent bonds with DNA which leads to the formation of both monofunctional (addition to a single strand of DNA) and bifunctional adducts (crosslinking of psoralen to both strands of DNA) (Dall’Acqua et al, 1971)². Reactions with proteins have also been described (Yoshikawa et al, 1979)³.

Methoxsalen acts as a photosensitizer. Topical application of this drug and subsequent exposure to UVA, whether artificial or sunlight, can cause cell injury. If sufficient cell injury occurs in the skin an inflammatory reaction will result. The most obvious manifestation of this reaction is delayed erythema which may not begin for several hours and may not peak for 2 to 3 days or longer. It is crucial to realize that the length of time the skin remains sensitized or when the maximum erythema will occur is quite variable from person to person. The erythematous reaction is followed over several days or weeks by repair which is manifested by increased melanization of the epidermis and thickening of the stratum corneum. The exact mechanics are unknown but it has been suggested that melanocytes in the hair follicles are stimulated to move up the follicle and to repopulate the epidermis. (Ortonne, et al, 1979)⁴

REFERENCES

1. Artuc, M.; Stuettgen, G.; Schalla, W.; Schaefer, H.; Gazith, J.: Reversible binding of 5- and 8- methoxypsoralen to human serum proteins (albumin) and to epidermis in vitro; Brit. J. Dermat., 101, pp. 669-677 (1979).

2. Dall’Acqua, F.; Marciani, S.; Ciavatta, L.; Rodighiero, G.: formation of interstrand cross-linkings in the photoreactions between furocoumarins and DNA; Z Naturfors ch (B), 26, pp. 561-569 (1971).

3. Yoshikawa, K.; Mori, N.; Sakakibara, S.; Mizuno, N.; Song, P.: Photo-Conjugation of 8- methoxypsoralen with Proteins; Photochem & Photobiol, 29, pp. 1127-1133 (1979).

4. Ortonne, J. P.; MacDonald, D.M.; Micoud, A.; Thivolet, J.: PUVA-induced repigmentation of vitiligo: a histochemical (split-DOPA) and ultra-structural study; Brit. J. Dermat., 101, pp. 1-12 (1979).