Atripla

Patient Information

ATRIPLA^®
(uh TRIP luh)
(efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) tablets

What is the most important information I should know about ATRIPLA?

ATRIPLA can cause serious side effects, including:

• Worsening of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Your healthcare provider will test you for HBV before starting treatment with ATRIPLA. If you have HBV infection and take ATRIPLA, your HBV may get worse (flare-up) if you stop taking ATRIPLA. A “flare-up” is when your HBV infection suddenly returns in a worse way than before.
  • Do not stop taking ATRIPLA without first talking with your healthcare provider.
  • Do not run out of ATRIPLA. Refill your prescription or talk to your healthcare provider before your ATRIPLA is all gone.
  • If you stop taking ATRIPLA, your healthcare provider will need to check your health often and do blood tests regularly for several months to check your HBV infection, or give you a medication to treat hepatitis B. Tell your healthcare provider about any new or unusual symptoms you may have after you stop taking ATRIPLA.

For more information about side effects see the section, “What are the possible side effects of ATRIPLA?”

What is ATRIPLA?

ATRIPLA is a prescription medicine that contains efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined in 1 tablet. ATRIPLA is used alone as a complete regimen, or in combination with other anti-HIV-1 medicines to treat people with HIV-1 infection who weigh at least 88 lbs (40 kg).

It is not known if ATRIPLA is safe and effective for use in children with HIV-1 infection who weigh less than 88 lbs (40 kg).

Who should not take ATRIPLA?

Do not take ATRIPLA if you:

• are allergic to efavirenz
• take the medicine called voriconazole, elbasvir or grazoprevir

Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if you take any of these medicines.

Before taking ATRIPLA, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:

• have liver problems, including hepatitis B or C virus infection
• have heart problems
• have or have had mental problems
• have a history of drug or alcohol abuse
• have nervous system problems
• have kidney problems or receive kidney dialysis treatment
• have bone problems
• have had seizures or take medicines used to treat seizures
• are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. ATRIPLA can harm your unborn baby. If you are able to become pregnant, your healthcare provider should do a pregnancy test before you start treatment with ATRIPLA. You should not become pregnant during treatment with ATRIPLA and for 12 weeks after stopping treatment. Tell your healthcare provider if you become pregnant or think you may be pregnant during treatment with ATRIPLA.
  • Females who are able to become pregnant, should use 2 effective forms of birth control (contraception) during treatment with ATRIPLA and for 12 weeks after stopping treatment.
  • A barrier form of birth control should always be used along with another type of birth control. Barrier forms of birth control may include condoms, contraceptive sponges, diaphragm with spermicide, and cervical cap.
  • Birth control methods that contain the hormone progesterone such as birth control pills, injections, vaginal rings, or implants, may not work as well while taking ATRIPLA.
  • Talk to your healthcare provider about birth control methods that may be right for you during treatment with ATRIPLA.
  • Pregnancy Registry: There is a pregnancy registry for women who take ATRIPLA during pregnancy. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this registry.
• are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. ATRIPLA can pass into your breast milk. Do not breastfeed because of the risk of passing HIV-1 to your baby.

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-thecounter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements.

Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

ATRIPLA and some medicines may interact with each other causing serious side effects.

You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for a list of medicines that interact with ATRIPLA. Do not start a new medicine without telling your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider can tell you if it is safe to take ATRIPLA with other medicines.

How should I take ATRIPLA?

• Take ATRIPLA exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to.
• If you take ATRIPLA with other medicines used to treat HIV-1, your healthcare provider will tell you what medicines to take and how to take them.
• Take ATRIPLA 1 time each day on an empty stomach. You should take ATRIPLA at the same time each day.
• Taking ATRIPLA at bedtime may make some side effects less bothersome.
• Do not miss a dose of ATRIPLA. Missing a dose lowers the amount of medicine in your blood. Refill your ATRIPLA prescription before you run out of medicine.
• Do not change your ATRIPLA dose or stop taking ATRIPLA without first talking with your healthcare provider. Stay under a healthcare provider’s care during treatment with ATRIPLA.
• If you take too much ATRIPLA, call your healthcare provider or got to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.

What should I avoid while taking ATRIPLA?

• ATRIPLA can cause dizziness, impaired concentration and drowsiness. If you have these symptoms, do not drive a car, use heavy machinery, or do anything that requires you to be alert.

What are the possible side effects of ATRIPLA?

ATRIPLA may cause serious side effects, including:

• • See “What is the most important information I should know about ATRIPLA?”
  • Rash. Rash is a serious side effect, but may also be common. Rashes will usually go away without any change in your treatment. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop a rash during treatment with ATRIPLA.
  • Severe liver problems. In rare cases, severe liver problems can happen that can lead to death. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get these symptoms: skin or the white part of your eyes turns yellow, dark “tea-colored” urine, light-colored stools, loss of appetite for several days or longer, nausea, or stomach-area pain.
  • Mental problems. Serious mental problems including severe depression, suicidal thoughts and actions, aggressive behavior, delusions, catatonia, and paranoid and manic reactions have happened in people who take ATRIPLA. These mental health problems may happen more often in people who have a history of mental problems or drug use, or who take medicines to treat mental problems. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop serious mental problems during treatment with ATRIPLA.
  • Nervous system problems. Nervous system problems may become more severe if you drink alcohol or take mood altering (street) drugs while taking ATRIPLA. Symptoms of nervous system problems may include:
    • dizziness
    • problems concentrating
    • abnormal dreams
    • unusually happy mood
    • agitation
    • thought problems
    • problems sleeping
    • tiredness
    • seeing or hearing things that are not real (hallucinations)
    • confusion
    • memory problems

• New or worse kidney problems, including kidney failure. Your healthcare provider should do blood and urine tests to check your kidneys before you start and during treatment with ATRIPLA. Your healthcare provider may tell you to stop taking ATRIPLA if you develop new or worse kidney problems during treatment with ATRIPLA.
• Bone problems can happen in some people who take ATRIPLA. Bone problems include bone pain or softening or thinning of bones, which may lead to fractures. Your healthcare provider may need to do tests to check your bones.
• Seizures. Your healthcare provider may do blood tests during treatment with ATRIPLA if you take certain medicines used to prevent seizures.
• Too much lactic acid in your blood (lactic acidosis). Too much lactic acid is a serious but rare medical emergency that can lead to death. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop any of these symptoms:
  • weakness or being more tired than usual
  • being short of breath or fast breathing
  • cold or blue hands and feet
  • fast or abnormal heartbeat
  • unusual muscle pain
  • stomach pain with nausea and vomiting
  • feel dizzy or lightheaded
• Changes in your immune system (Immune Reconstitution Syndrome) can happen when an HIV-1 infected person starts taking HIV-1 medicines. Your immune system may get stronger and begin to fight infections that have been hidden in your body for a long time. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop any new symptoms after starting treatment with ATRIPLA.
• Changes in body fat. Changes in body fat distribution or accumulation have happened in some people taking HIV-1 medicines, including an increased amount of fat in the upper back and neck (“buffalo hump”), in the breasts, and around the trunk. Loss of fat from the legs, arms, and face may also happen. The cause and long-term health effects of these body fat changes are not known.

The most common side effects of ATRIPLA include:

• diarrhea
• tiredness
• dizziness
• problems sleeping
• rash
• nausea
• headache
• depression
• abnormal dreams

These are not all the possible side effects of ATRIPLA.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA- 1088.

How should I store ATRIPLA?

• Store ATRIPLA at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).
• Keep ATRIPLA in its original container and keep the container tightly closed.

Keep ATRIPLA and all other medicines out of reach of children.

General information about the safe and effective use of ATRIPLA.

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use ATRIPLA for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give ATRIPLA to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about ATRIPLA that is written for health professionals.

What are the ingredients of ATRIPLA?

Active Ingredients: efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Inactive Ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium sterate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The film coating contains black iron oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, red iron oxide, talc, and titanium dioxide.

This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Description

ATRIPLA is a fixed-dose combination tablet containing efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF. SUSTIVA is the brand name for efavirenz, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). EMTRIVA is the brand name for emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine. VIREAD is the brand name for tenofovir DF, which is converted in vivo to tenofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) analog of adenosine 5′-monophosphate. VIREAD and EMTRIVA are the components of TRUVADA.

ATRIPLA tablets are for oral administration. Each tablet contains 600 mg of efavirenz, 200 mg of emtricitabine, and 300 mg of tenofovir DF (which is equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil) as active ingredients. The tablets include the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The tablets are film coated with a coating material containing black iron oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, red iron oxide, talc, and titanium dioxide.

Efavirenz

Efavirenz is chemically described as (S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. Its molecular formula is C₁₄H₉ClF₃NO₂ and its structural formula is:

 

 

 

Efavirenz is a white to slightly pink crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.68. It is practically insoluble in water (less than 10 μg/mL).

Emtricitabine

The chemical name of emtricitabine is 5-fluoro-1-(2R,5S)-[2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine. Emtricitabine is the (-) enantiomer of a thio analog of cytidine, which differs from other cytidine analogs in that it has a fluorine in the 5-position.

It has a molecular formula of C₈H₁₀FN₃O₃S and a molecular weight of 247.24. It has the following structural formula:

 

 

 

Emtricitabine is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a solubility of approximately 112 mg/mL in water at 25°C.

Tenofovir DF

Tenofovir DF is a fumaric acid salt of the bisisopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester derivative of tenofovir. The chemical name of tenofovir DF is 9-[(R)-2[[bis[[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]methoxy]phosphinyl]methoxy]propyl]adenine fumarate (1:1). It has a molecular formula of C₁₉H₃₀N₅O₁₀P • C₄H₄O₄ and a molecular weight of 635.52. It has the following structural formula:

 

 

 

Tenofovir DF is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a solubility of 13.4 mg/mL in water at 25 °C.

ATRIPLA^® is indicated as a complete regimen or in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and pediatric patients weighing at least 40 kg.

Dosage And Administration

Testing Prior To Initiation And During Treatment With ATRIPLA

Prior to or when initiating ATRIPLA, test patients for hepatitis B virus infection [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Prior to initiation and during use of ATRIPLA, on a clinically appropriate schedule, assess serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose and urine protein in all patients. In patients with chronic kidney disease, also assess serum phosphorus [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Monitor hepatic function prior to and during treatment with ATRIPLA [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Perform pregnancy testing before initiation of ATRIPLA in adolescents and adults of childbearing potential [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Use In Specific Populations].

Recommended Dosage For Adults And Pediatric Patients Weighing At Least 40 kg

ATRIPLA is a three-drug fixed-dose combination product containing 600 mg of efavirenz (EFV), 200 mg of emtricitabine (FTC), and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). The recommended dosage of ATRIPLA in adults and pediatric patients weighing at least 40 kg is one tablet once daily taken orally on an empty stomach. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Not Recommended In Patients With Moderate Or Severe Renal Impairment

ATRIPLA is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Use In Specific Populations].

Not Recommended In Patients With Moderate To Severe Hepatic Impairment

ATRIPLA is not recommended in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh B or C) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Use In Specific Populations].

Dosage Adjustment With Rifampin

If ATRIPLA is co-administered with rifampin in patients weighing 50 kg or more, take one tablet of ATRIPLA once daily followed by one additional 200 mg per day of efavirenz [see DRUG INTERACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

How Supplied

Dosage Forms And Strengths

ATRIPLA tablets are pink, capsule shaped, film coated, debossed with “123” on one side, and plain faced on the other side. Each tablet contains 600 mg of efavirenz, 200 mg of emtricitabine, and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil).

Storage And Handling

ATRIPLA tablets are pink, capsule shaped, film coated, debossed with “123” on one side and plain faced on the other side. Each bottle contains 30 tablets (NDC 15584- 0101-1) and silica gel desiccant, and is closed with a child-resistant closure.

Store at 25 °C (77 °F); excursions permitted to 15–30 °C (59–86 °F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

• Keep container tightly closed.
• Dispense only in original container.

Manufactured and distributed by: Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, CA 94404. Revised: July 2018

The following adverse reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:

• Severe Acute Exacerbations of Hepatitis B in Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Rash [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Hepatotoxicity [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Psychiatric Symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Nervous System Symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Embryo-Fetal Toxicity [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Bone Loss and Mineralization Defects [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Convulsions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Immune Reconstitution Syndrome [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Fat Redistribution [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Clinical Trials In Adult Subjects

Study 934 was an open-label active-controlled trial in which 511 antiretroviral-naïve subjects received either FTC + TDF administered in combination with EFV (N=257) or zidovudine (AZT)/lamivudine (3TC) administered in combination with EFV (N=254).

The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 10%, any severity) occurring in Study 934 include diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, insomnia, abnormal dreams, and rash. Adverse reactions observed in Study 934 were generally consistent with those seen in previous trials of the individual components (Table 1).

Table 1 Selected Adverse Reactions^a (Grades 2–4) Reported in ≥5% in Either Treatment Group in Study 934 (0–144 Weeks)

 

	FTC+TDF+EFVb	AZT/3TC+EFV
	N=257	N=254
Fatigue	9%	8%
Depression	9%	7%
Nausea	9%	7%
Diarrhea	9%	5%
Dizziness	8%	7%
Upper respiratory tract infections	8%	5%
Sinusitis	8%	4%
Rash Eventc	7%	9%
Headache	6%	5%
Insomnia	5%	7%
Anxiety	5%	4%
Nasopharyngitis	5%	3%
Vomiting	2%	5%
a Frequencies of adverse reactions are based on all treatment-emergent adverse events, regardless of relationship to study drug. b From Weeks 96 to 144 of the trial, subjects received FTC/TDF administered in combination with EFV in place of FTC + TDF with EFV. c Rash event includes rash, exfoliative rash, rash generalized, rash macular, rash maculopapular, rash pruritic, and rash vesicular.

 

In Study 073, subjects with stable, virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy and no history of virologic failure were randomized to receive ATRIPLA or to stay on their baseline regimen. The adverse reactions observed in Study 073 were generally consistent with those seen in Study 934 and those seen with the individual components of ATRIPLA when each was administered in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, or TDF

In addition to the adverse reactions in Study 934 and Study 073, the following adverse reactions were observed in clinical trials of EFV, FTC, or TDF in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

Efavirenz

The most significant adverse reactions observed in subjects treated with EFV were nervous system symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], psychiatric symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], and rash [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Selected adverse reactions of moderate-to-severe intensity observed in greater than or equal to 2% of EFV-treated subjects in two controlled clinical trials included pain, impaired concentration, abnormal dreams, somnolence, anorexia, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nervousness, and pruritus.

Pancreatitis has also been reported, although a causal relationship with EFV has not been established. Asymptomatic increases in serum amylase levels were observed in a significantly higher number of subjects treated with EFV 600 mg than in control subjects.

Skin discoloration has been reported with higher frequency among FTC-treated subjects; it was manifested by hyperpigmentation on the palms and/or soles and was generally mild and asymptomatic. The mechanism and clinical significance are unknown.

Clinical Trials In Pediatric Subjects

Efavirenz

Assessment of adverse reactions is based on three pediatric clinical trials in 182 HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects who received EFV in combination with other antiretroviral agents for a median of 123 weeks. The type and frequency of adverse reactions in the three trials were generally similar to that of adult subjects with the exception of a higher incidence of rash, which was reported in 32% (59/182) of pediatric subjects compared to 26% of adults, and a higher frequency of Grade 3 or 4 rash reported in 3% (6/182) of pediatric subjects compared to 0.9% of adults [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Emtricitabine

In addition to the adverse reactions reported in adults, anemia and hyperpigmentation were observed in 7% and 32%, respectively, of pediatric subjects who received treatment with FTC in the larger of two open-label, uncontrolled pediatric trials (N=116).

Tenofovir DF

In a pediatric clinical trial conducted in subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age, the adverse reactions observed in pediatric subjects who received treatment with TDF (N=81) were consistent with those observed in clinical trials of TDF in adults [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Laboratory Abnormalities

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir DF

Laboratory abnormalities observed in Study 934 were generally consistent with those seen in previous trials (Table 2).

Table 2 Significant Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥1% of Subjects in Either Treatment Group in Study 934 (0–144 Weeks)

 

	FTC+TDF+EFVa	AZT/3TC+EFV
	N=257	N=254
Any ≥ Grade 3 Laboratory Abnormality	30%	26%
Fasting Cholesterol (>240 mg/dL)	22%	24%
Creatine Kinase (M: >990 U/L) (F: >845 U/L)	9%	7%
Serum Amylase (>175 U/L)	8%	4%
Alkaline Phosphatase (>550 U/L)	1%	0%
AST (M: >180 U/L) (F: >170 U/L)	3%	3%
ALT (M: >215 U/L) (F: >170 U/L)	2%	3%
Hemoglobin (<8.0 mg/dL)	0%	4%
Hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL)	2%	1%
Hematuria (>75 RBC/HPF)	3%	2%
Glycosuria (≥3+)	<1%	1%
Neutrophils (<750/mm3)	3%	5%
Fasting Triglycerides (>750 mg/dL)	4%	2%
a From Weeks 96 to 144 of the trial, subjects received FTC/TDF administered in combination with EFV in place of FTC + TDF with EFV.

 

Laboratory abnormalities observed in Study 073 were generally consistent with those in Study 934.

Hepatic Events

In Study 934, 19 subjects treated with EFV, FTC, and TDF and 20 subjects treated with EFV and fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine were hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C antibody positive. Among these coinfected subjects, one subject (1/19) in the EFV, FTC, and TDF arm had elevations in transaminases to greater than five times ULN through 144 weeks. In the fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine arm, two subjects (2/20) had elevations in transaminases to greater than five times ULN through 144 weeks. No HBV and/or HCV coinfected subject discontinued from the trial due to hepatobiliary disorders [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of EFV, FTC, or TDF. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Efavirenz

Cardiac Disorders

Palpitations

Ear and Labyrinth Disorders

Tinnitus, vertigo

Endocrine Disorders

Gynecomastia

Eye Disorders

Abnormal vision

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Constipation, malabsorption

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions

Asthenia

Hepatobiliary Disorders

Hepatic enzyme increase, hepatic failure, hepatitis

Immune System Disorders

Allergic reactions

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders

Redistribution/accumulation of body fat [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders

Arthralgia, myalgia, myopathy

Nervous System Disorders

Abnormal coordination, ataxia, cerebellar coordination and balance disturbances, convulsions, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, neuropathy, tremor

Psychiatric Disorders

Aggressive reactions, agitation, delusions, emotional lability, mania, neurosis, paranoia, psychosis, suicide, catatonia

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders

Dyspnea

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

Flushing, erythema multiforme, photoallergic dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Emtricitabine

No postmarketing adverse reactions have been identified for inclusion in this section.

Tenofovir DF

Immune System Disorders

Allergic reaction, including angioedema

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders

Lactic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia

Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders

Dyspnea

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Pancreatitis, increased amylase, abdominal pain

Hepatobiliary Disorders

Hepatic steatosis, hepatitis, increased liver enzymes (most commonly AST, ALT, gamma GT)

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

Rash

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders

Rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia (manifested as bone pain and which may contribute to fractures), muscular weakness, myopathy

Renal and Urinary Disorders

Acute renal failure, renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, Fanconi syndrome, proximal renal tubulopathy, interstitial nephritis (including acute cases), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal insufficiency, increased creatinine, proteinuria, polyuria

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions

Asthenia

The following adverse reactions, listed under the body system headings above, may occur as a consequence of proximal renal tubulopathy: rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, muscular weakness, myopathy, hypophosphatemia.

Efavirenz

Efavirenz has been shown in vivo to induce CYP3A and CYP2B6. Other compounds that are substrates of CYP3A or CYP2B6 may have decreased plasma concentrations when coadministered with EFV.

Drugs that induce CYP3A activity (e.g., phenobarbital, rifampin, rifabutin) would be expected to increase the clearance of EFV, resulting in lowered plasma concentrations [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

There is limited information available on the potential for a pharmacodynamic interaction between EFV and drugs that prolong the QTc interval. QTc prolongation has been observed with the use of EFV [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Consider alternatives to ATRIPLA when coadministered with a drug with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes.

Drugs Affecting Renal Function

FTC and tenofovir are primarily eliminated by the kidneys [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Coadministration of ATRIPLA with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of FTC, tenofovir, and/or the coadministered drug. Some examples include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, cidofovir, ganciclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), and high-dose or multiple NSAIDs [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of FTC and/or tenofovir.

Established And Potentially Significant Interactions

Other important drug interaction information for ATRIPLA is summarized in Table 3. The drug interactions described are based on trials conducted with either ATRIPLA, the components of ATRIPLA (EFV, FTC, or TDF) as individual agents, or are potential drug interactions [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Table 3 Established and Potentially Significant^a Drug Interactions

 

Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name	Effect	Clinical Comment
HIV antiviral agents
Protease inhibitor: atazanavir	↓ atazanavir ↑ tenofovir	Coadministration of atazanavir with ATRIPLA is not recommended. The combined effect of EFV plus TDF on atazanavir plasma concentrations is not known. There are insufficient data to support dosing recommendations for atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir in combination with ATRIPLA.
Protease inhibitor: fosamprenavir calcium	↓ amprenavir	Fosamprenavir (unboosted): Appropriate doses of fosamprenavir and ATRIPLA with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established.Fosamprenavir/ritonavir: An additional 100 mg/day (300 mg total) of ritonavir is recommended when ATRIPLA is administered with fosamprenavir/ritonavir once daily. No change in the ritonavir dose is required when ATRIPLA is administered with fosamprenavir plus ritonavir twice daily.
Protease inhibitor: indinavir	↓ indinavir	The optimal dose of indinavir, when given in combination with EFV, is not known. Increasing the indinavir dose to 1000 mg every 8 hours does not compensate for the increased indinavir metabolism due to EFV.
Protease inhibitor: darunavir/ritonavir	↑ tenofovir	Monitor patients receiving ATRIPLA concomitantly with ritonavir-boosted darunavir for TDF-associated adverse reactions. Discontinue ATRIPLA in patients who develop TDF-associated adverse reactions.
lopinavir/ritonavir	↓ lopinavir ↑ tenofovir	Do not use once daily administration of lopinavir/ritonavir. Dose increase of lopinavir/ritonavir is recommended for all patients when coadministered with EFV. Refer to the Full Prescribing Information for lopinavir/ritonavir for guidance on coadministration with EFV- or tenofovir-containing regimens, such as ATRIPLA. Patients should be monitored for tenofovirassociated adverse reactions. Discontinue ATRIPLA in patients who develop TDF-associated adverse reactions.
Protease inhibitor: ritonavir	↑ ritonavir ↑ efavirenz	When ritonavir 500 mg every 12 hours was coadministered with EFV 600 mg once daily, the combination was associated with a higher frequency of adverse clinical experiences (e.g., dizziness, nausea, paresthesia) and laboratory abnormalities (elevated liver enzymes). Monitoring of liver enzymes is recommended when ATRIPLA is used in combination with ritonavir.
Protease inhibitor: saquinavir	↓ saquinavir	Appropriate doses of the combination of EFV and saquinavir/ritonavir with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established.
CCR5 co-receptor antagonist: maraviroc	↓ maraviroc	Refer to the full prescribing information for maraviroc for guidance on coadministration with ATRIPLA.
NRTI: didanosine	↑ didanosine	Patients receiving ATRIPLA and didanosine should be monitored closely for didanosine-associated adverse reactions. Discontinue didanosine in patients who develop didanosine-associated adverse reactions. Higher didanosine concentrations could potentiate didanosineassociated adverse reactions, including pancreatitis, and neuropathy. Suppression of CD4+ cell counts has been observed in patients receiving TDF with didanosine 400 mg daily.In patients weighing greater than 60 kg, reduce the didanosine dose to 250 mg when it is coadministered with ATRIPLA. In patients weighing less than 60 kg, reduce the didanosine dose to 200 mg when it is coadministered with ATRIPLA. When coadministered, ATRIPLA and Videx EC may be taken under fasted conditions or with a light meal (less than 400 kcal, 20% fat).
NNRTI: Other NNRTIs	↑ or ↓ efavirenz and/or NNRTI	Combining two NNRTIs has not been shown to be beneficial. ATRIPLA contains EFV and should not be coadministered with other NNRTIs.
Integrase strand transfer inhibitor: altegravir	↓ raltegravir	The clinical significance of this interaction has not been directly assessed.
Hepatitis C antiviral agents
boceprevir	↓ boceprevir	Plasma trough concentrations of boceprevir were decreased when boceprevir was coadministered with EFV, which may result in loss of therapeutic effect. The combination should be avoided.
elbasvir/grazoprevir	↓ elbasvir ↓ grazoprevir	Coadministration of ATRIPLA with elbasvir/grazoprevir is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS] because it may lead to loss of virologic response to elbasvir/grazoprevir.
glecaprevir/pibrentasvir	↓ pibrentasvir ↓ glecaprevir	Coadministration of ATRIPLA is not recommended because it may lead to reduced therapeutic effect of pibrentasvir/glecaprevir.
ledipasvir/sofosbuvir	↑ tenofovir	Patients receiving ATRIPLA and HARVONI® (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir) concomitantly should be monitored for adverse reactions associated with TDF.
simeprevir	↓ simeprevir ↔ efavirenz	Concomitant administration of simeprevir with EFV is not recommended because it may result in loss of therapeutic effect of simeprevir.
sofosbuvir/velpatasvir sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/ voxilaprevir	↑ tenofovir ↓ velpatasvir ↓ voxilaprevir	Coadministration of EFV-containing regimens and EPCLUSA® (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir) or VOSEVI® (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir) is not recommended.
Other agents
Anticoagulant: warfarin	↑ or ↓ warfarin	Plasma concentrations and effects potentially increased or decreased by EFV.
Anticonvulsants: carbamazepine	↓ carbamazepine ↓ efavirenz	There are insufficient data to make a dose recommendation for ATRIPLA. Alternative anticonvulsant treatment should be used.
phenytoin phenobarbital	↓ anticonvulsant ↓ efavirenz	Potential for reduction in anticonvulsant and/or EFV plasma levels; periodic monitoring of anticonvulsant plasma levels should be conducted.
Antidepressants: bupropion	↓ buproprion	The effect of EFV on bupropion exposure is thought to be due to the induction of bupropion metabolism. Increases in bupropion dosage should be guided by clinical response, but the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded.
sertraline	↓ sertraline	Increases in sertraline dose should be guided by clinical response.
Antifungals: itraconazole	↓ itraconazole ↓ hydroxyitraconazole	Since no dose recommendation for itraconazole can be made, alternative antifungal treatment should be considered.
ketoconazole	↓ ketoconazole	Drug interaction trials with ATRIPLA and ketoconazole have not been conducted. Efavirenz has the potential to decrease plasma concentrations of ketoconazole.
posaconazole	↓ posaconazole	Avoid concomitant use unless the benefit outweighs the risks.
voriconazole	↓ voriconazole ↑ efavirenz	Coadministration of ATRIPLA with voriconazole is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS] because it may lead to reduced therapeutic effect of voriconazole and increased risk of EFV-associated adverse reactions
Anti-infective: clarithromycin	↓ clarithromycin ↑ 14-OH metabolite	Consider alternatives to macrolide antibiotics because of the risk of QT interval prolongation.
Antimycobacterial: rifabutin	↓ rifabutin	Increase daily dose of rifabutin by 50%. Consider doubling the rifabutin dose in regimens where rifabutin is given 2 or 3 times a week.
rifampin	↓ efavirenz	If ATRIPLA is coadministered with rifampin to patients weighing 50 kg or more, an additional 200 mg/day of EFV is recommended.
Antimalarials: artemether/ lumefantrine	↓ artemether ↓ dihydroartemisinin ↓ lumefantrine	Consider alternatives to artemether/lumefantrine because of the risk of QT interval prolongation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
atovaquone/proguanil	↓ atovaquone ↓ proguanil	Concomitant administration of atovaquone/proguanil with ATRIPLA is not recommended.
Calcium channel blockers: diltiazem	↓ diltiazem ↓ desacetyl diltiazem ↓ N-monodesmethyl diltiazem	Diltiazem dose adjustments should be guided by clinical response (refer to the full prescribing information for diltiazem). No dose adjustment of ATRIPLA is necessary when administered with diltiazem.
Others e.g., felodipine nicardipine nifedipine verapamil	↓ calcium channel blocker	No data are available on the potential interactions of EFV with other calcium channel blockers that are substrates of CYP3A. The potential exists for reduction in plasma concentrations of the calcium channel blocker. Dose adjustments should be guided by clinical response (refer to the full prescribing information for the calcium channel blocker).
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: atorvastatin pravastatin simvastatin	↓ atorvastatin ↓ pravastatin ↓ simvastatin	Plasma concentrations of atorvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin decreased with EFV. Consult the Full Prescribing Information for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor for guidance on individualizing the dose.
Hormonal contraceptives: Oral: ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate	↓ active metabolites of norgestimate	A reliable method of barrier contraception must be used in addition to hormonal contraceptives. Efavirenz had no effect on ethinyl estradiol concentrations, but progestin levels (norelgestromin and levonorgestrel) were markedly decreased. No effect of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate on EFV plasma concentrations was observed.
Implant: etonogestrel	↓ etonogestrel	A reliable method of barrier contraception must be used in addition to hormonal contraceptives. Decreased exposure of etonogestrel may be expected. There have been postmarketing reports of contraceptive failure with etonogestrel in EFVexposed patients.
Immunosuppressants: cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and others metabolized by CYP3A	↓ immunosuppressant	Decreased exposure of the immunosuppressant may be expected due to CYP3A induction by EFV. These immunosuppressants are not anticipated to affect exposure of EFV. Dose adjustments of the immunosuppressant may be required. Close monitoring of immunosuppressant concentrations for at least 2 weeks (until stable concentrations are reached) is recommended when starting or stopping treatment with ATRIPLA.
Narcotic analgesic: methadone	↓ methadone	Coadministration of EFV in HIV-1 infected individuals with a history of injection drug use resulted in signs of opiate withdrawal. Methadone dose was increased by a mean of 22% to alleviate withdrawal symptoms. Patients should be monitored for signs of withdrawal and their methadone dose increased as required to alleviate withdrawal symptoms.
a This table is not all inclusive.

 

Efavirenz Assay Interference

Cannabinoid Test Interaction: Efavirenz does not bind to cannabinoid receptors. Falsepositive urine cannabinoid test results have been reported with some screening assays in uninfected and HIV-infected subjects receiving EFV. Confirmation of positive screening tests for cannabinoids by a more specific method is recommended.

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

Precautions

Patients Coinfected With HIV-1 And HBV

It is recommended that all patients with HIV-1 be tested for the presence of chronic HBV before initiating antiretroviral therapy. ATRIPLA is not approved for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, and the safety and efficacy of ATRIPLA have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV-1. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are coinfected with HBV and HIV-1 and have discontinued emtricitabine or tenofovir DF, two of the components of ATRIPLA. In some patients infected with HBV and treated with emtricitabine, the exacerbations of hepatitis B were associated with liver decompensation and liver failure. Patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV should be closely monitored, with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment with ATRIPLA. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.

ATRIPLA should not be administered with HEPSERA® (adefovir dipivoxil) [See DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Drug Interactions

Efavirenz plasma concentrations may be altered by substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of CYP3A. Likewise, efavirenz may alter plasma concentrations of drugs metabolized by CYP3A or CYP2B6. The most prominent effect of efavirenz at steady state is induction of CYP3A and CYP2B6 [See DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly With Steatosis

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including tenofovir DF and emtricitabine, components of ATRIPLA, alone or in combination with other antiretrovirals. Treatment with ATRIPLA should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).

Coadministration With Related Products

ATRIPLA is a fixed-dose combination of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF. Do not coadminister ATRIPLA with other drugs containing emtricitabine, tenofovir DF, or tenofovir alafenamide, including COMPLERA®, DESCOVY®, EMTRIVA®, GENVOYA® , ODEFSEY®, STRIBILD®, TRUVADA®, VEMLIDY®, or VIREAD®. SUSTIVA® (efavirenz) should not be coadministered with ATRIPLA unless needed for dose-adjustment (e.g., with rifampin) [See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine, ATRIPLA should not be coadministered with drugs containing lamivudine, including Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine), Epivir, or Epivir-HBV (lamivudine), Epzicom (abacavir sulfate/lamivudine), or Trizivir (abacavir sulfate/lamivudine/zidovudine).

QTc Prolongation

QTc prolongation has been observed with the use of efavirenz [See DRUG INTERACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Consider alternatives to ATRIPLA when coadministered with a drug with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes or when administered to patients at higher risk of Torsade de Pointes.

Psychiatric Symptoms

Serious psychiatric adverse experiences have been reported in patients treated with efavirenz. In controlled trials of 1008 subjects treated with regimens containing efavirenz for a mean of 2.1 years and 635 subjects treated with control regimens for a mean of 1.5 years, the frequency (regardless of causality) of specific serious psychiatric events among subjects who received efavirenz or control regimens, respectively, were: severe depression (2.4%, 0.9%), suicidal ideation (0.7%, 0.3%), nonfatal suicide attempts (0.5%, 0%), aggressive behavior (0.4%, 0.5%), paranoid reactions (0.4%, 0.3%), and manic reactions (0.2%, 0.3%). When psychiatric symptoms similar to those noted above were combined and evaluated as a group in a multifactorial analysis of data from Study AI266006 (006), treatment with efavirenz was associated with an increase in the occurrence of these selected psychiatric symptoms. Other factors associated with an increase in the occurrence of these psychiatric symptoms were history of injection drug use, psychiatric history, and receipt of psychiatric medication at trial entry; similar associations were observed in both the efavirenz and control treatment groups. In Study 006, onset of new serious psychiatric symptoms occurred throughout the trial for both efavirenz-treated and control-treated subjects. One percent of efavirenz-treated subjects discontinued or interrupted treatment because of one or more of these selected psychiatric symptoms. There have also been occasional postmarketing reports of death by suicide, delusions, psychosis-like behavior, and catatonia, although a causal relationship to the use of efavirenz cannot be determined from these reports. Patients with serious psychiatric adverse experiences should seek immediate medical evaluation to assess the possibility that the symptoms may be related to the use of efavirenz, and if so, to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits [See ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Nervous System Symptoms

Fifty-three percent (531/1008) of subjects receiving efavirenz in controlled trials reported central nervous system symptoms (any grade, regardless of causality) compared to 25% (156/635) of subjects receiving control regimens. These symptoms included dizziness (28.1% of the 1008 subjects), insomnia (16.3%), impaired concentration (8.3%), somnolence (7.0%), abnormal dreams (6.2%), and hallucinations (1.2%). Other reported symptoms were euphoria, confusion, agitation, amnesia, stupor, abnormal thinking, and depersonalization. The majority of these symptoms were mild to moderate (50.7%); symptoms were severe in 2.0% of subjects. Overall, 2.1% of subjects discontinued therapy as a result. These symptoms usually begin during the first or second day of therapy and generally resolve after the first 2-4 weeks of therapy. After 4 weeks of therapy, the prevalence of nervous system symptoms of at least moderate severity ranged from 5% to 9% in subjects treated with regimens containing efavirenz and from 3% to 5% in subjects treated with a control regimen. Patients should be informed that these common symptoms were likely to improve with continued therapy and were not predictive of subsequent onset of the less frequent psychiatric symptoms [See Psychiatric Symptoms]. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these nervous system symptoms [See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Analysis of long-term data from Study 006 (median follow-up 180 weeks, 102 weeks, and 76 weeks for subjects treated with efavirenz + zidovudine + lamivudine, efavirenz + indinavir, and indinavir + zidovudine + lamivudine, respectively) showed that, beyond 24 weeks of therapy, the incidences of new-onset nervous system symptoms among efavirenz-treated subjects were generally similar to those in the indinavir-containing control arm.

Patients receiving ATRIPLA should be alerted to the potential for additive central nervous system effects when ATRIPLA is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs.

Patients who experience central nervous system symptoms such as dizziness, impaired concentration, and/or drowsiness should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.

New Onset Or Worsening Renal Impairment

Emtricitabine and tenofovir are principally eliminated by the kidney; however, efavirenz is not. Since ATRIPLA is a combination product and the dose of the individual components cannot be altered, patients with estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min should not receive ATRIPLA.

Renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome (renal tubular injury with severe hypophosphatemia) has been reported with the use of tenofovir DF [See ADVERSE REACTIONS].

It is recommended that estimated creatinine clearance be assessed in all patients prior to initiating therapy and as clinically appropriate during therapy with ATRIPLA. In patients at risk of renal dysfunction, including patients who have previously experienced renal events while receiving HEPSERA, it is recommended that estimated creatinine clearance, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein be assessed prior to initiation of ATRIPLA and periodically during ATRIPLA therapy.

ATRIPLA should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g., high-dose or multiple non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) [See DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Cases of acute renal failure after initiation of high-dose or multiple NSAIDs have been reported in HIV-infected patients with risk factors for renal dysfunction who appeared stable on tenofovir DF. Some patients required hospitalization and renal replacement therapy. Alternatives to NSAIDs should be considered, if needed, in patients at risk for renal dysfunction.

Persistent or worsening bone pain, pain in extremities, fractures, and/or muscular pain or weakness may be manifestations of proximal renal tubulopathy and should prompt an evaluation of renal function in at-risk patients.

Reproductive Risk Potential

Pregnancy Category D: Efavirenz may cause fetal harm when administered during the first trimester to a pregnant woman. Pregnancy should be avoided in women receiving ATRIPLA. Barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception (e.g., oral or other hormonal contraceptives). Because of the long half-life of efavirenz, use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of ATRIPLA is recommended. Women of childbearing potential should undergo pregnancy testing before initiation of ATRIPLA. If this drug is used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.

There are no adequate and well-controlled trials of ATRIPLA in pregnant women. ATRIPLA should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus, such as in pregnant women without other therapeutic options [See Use in Specific Populations].

Rash

In controlled clinical trials, 26% (266/1008) of adult subjects treated with 600 mg efavirenz experienced new-onset skin rash compared with 17% (111/635) of those treated in control groups. Rash associated with blistering, moist desquamation, or ulceration occurred in 0.9% (9/1008) of subjects treated with efavirenz. The incidence of Grade 4 rash (e.g., erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) in adult subjects treated with efavirenz in all trials and expanded access was 0.1%. Rashes are usually mild-to-moderate maculopapular skin eruptions that occur within the first 2 weeks of initiating therapy with efavirenz (median time to onset of rash in adults was 11 days) and, in most subjects continuing therapy with efavirenz, rash resolves within 1 month (median duration, 16 days). The discontinuation rate for rash in adult clinical trials was 1.7% (17/1008). ATRIPLA can be reinitiated in patients interrupting therapy because of rash. ATRIPLA should be discontinued in patients developing severe rash associated with blistering, desquamation, mucosal involvement, or fever. Appropriate antihistamines and/or corticosteroids may improve the tolerability and hasten the resolution of rash. For patients who have had a life-threatening cutaneous reaction  (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome), alternative therapy should be considered [See CONTRAINDICATIONS].

Experience with efavirenz in subjects who discontinued other antiretroviral agents of the NNRTI class is limited. Nineteen subjects who discontinued nevirapine because of rash have been treated with efavirenz. Nine of these subjects developed mild-to-moderate rash while receiving therapy with efavirenz, and two of these subjects discontinued because of rash.

Rash was reported in 59 of 182 pediatric subjects (32%) treated with efavirenz [See ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Two pediatric subjects experienced Grade 3 rash (confluent rash with fever, generalized rash), and four subjects had Grade 4 rash (erythema multiforme). The median time to onset of rash in pediatric subjects was 28 days (range 3-1642 days). Prophylaxis with appropriate antihistamines before initiating therapy with ATRIPLA in pediatric patients should be considered.

Hepatotoxicity

Monitoring of liver enzymes before and during treatment is recommended for patients with underlying hepatic disease, including hepatitis B or C infection; patients with marked transaminase elevations; and patients treated with other medications associated with liver toxicity [See Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV]. A few of the postmarketing reports of hepatic failure occurred in patients with no pre-existing hepatic disease or other identifiable risk factors [See ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Liver enzyme monitoring should also be considered for patients without pre-existing hepatic dysfunction or other risk factors. In patients with persistent elevations of serum transaminases to greater than five times the upper limit of the normal range, the benefit of continued therapy with ATRIPLA needs to be weighed against the unknown risks of significant liver toxicity [See ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Bone Effects Of Tenofovir DF

Bone Mineral Density

In clinical trials in HIV-1 infected adults, tenofovir DF was associated with slightly greater decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) and increases in biochemical markers of bone metabolism, suggesting increased bone turnover relative to comparators. Serum parathyroid hormone levels and 1,25 Vitamin D levels were also higher in subjects receiving tenofovir DF.

Clinical trials evaluating tenofovir DF in pediatric and adolescent subjects were conducted. Under normal circumstances, BMD increases rapidly in pediatric patients. In HIV-1 infected subjects aged 2 years to less than 18 years, bone effects were similar to those observed in adult subjects and suggest increased bone turnover. Total body BMD gain was less in the tenofovir DF treated HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects as compared to the control groups. Similar trends were observed in chronic hepatitis-B infected adolescent subjects aged 12 years to less than 18 years. In all pediatric trials, skeletal growth (height) appeared to be unaffected. For more information, consult the VIREAD prescribing information.

The effects of tenofovir DF-associated changes in BMD and biochemical markers on long-term bone health and future fracture risk are unknown. Assessment of BMD should be considered for adult and pediatric patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss. Although the effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D was not studied, such supplementation may be beneficial for all patients. If bone abnormalities are suspected, then appropriate consultation should be obtained.

Mineralization Defects

Cases of osteomalacia associated with proximal renal tubulopathy, manifested as bone pain or pain in extremities and which may contribute to fractures, have been reported in association with the use of tenofovir DF [See ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Arthralgias and muscle pain or weakness have also been reported in cases of proximal renal tubulopathy. Hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia secondary to proximal renal tubulopathy should be considered in patients at risk of renal dysfunction who present with persistent or worsening bone or muscle symptoms while receiving products containing tenofovir DF [See New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment].

Convulsions

Convulsions have been observed in adult and pediatric patients receiving efavirenz, generally in the presence of known medical history of seizures. Caution must be taken in any patient with a history of seizures.

Patients who are receiving concomitant anticonvulsant medications primarily metabolized by the liver, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, may require periodic monitoring of plasma levels [See DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including the components of ATRIPLA. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia [PCP], or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves’ disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution; however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

Fat Redistribution

Redistribution/accumulation of body fat, including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and “cushingoid appearance,” has been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, including efavirenz. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.

Patient Counseling Information

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION).

Drug Interactions

A statement to patients and healthcare providers is included on the product’s bottle labels: ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with ATRIPLA. ATRIPLA may interact with some drugs; therefore, advise patients to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription or nonprescription medication, vitamins, or herbal supplements.

General Information For Patients

Inform patients that ATRIPLA is not a cure for HIV-1 infection and patients may continue to experience illnesses associated with HIV-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. Patients should remain under the care of a physician when using ATRIPLA.

Advise patients to avoid doing things that can spread HIV-1 to others:

• Do not share needles or other injection equipment.
• Do not share personal items that can have blood or body fluids on them, like toothbrushes and razor blades.
• Do not have any kind of sex without protection. Always practice safe sex by using a latex or polyurethane condom to lower the chance of sexual contact with semen, vaginal secretions, or blood.
• Do not breastfeed. Some of the medicines in ATRIPLA can be passed to your baby in your breast milk. We do not know whether it could harm your baby. Also, mothers with HIV-1 should not breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk.

Advise patients that:

• The long-term effects of ATRIPLA are unknown.
• Redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and that the cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• ATRIPLA should not be coadministered with COMPLERA, DESCOVY, EMTRIVA, GENVOYA, ODEFSEY, STRIBILD, TRUVADA, VEMLIDY, or VIREAD; or drugs containing lamivudine, including Combivir, Epivir, Epivir-HBV, Epzicom, or Trizivir. SUSTIVA should not be coadministered with ATRIPLA unless needed for dose adjustment [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• ATRIPLA should not be administered with HEPSERA [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Patients Coinfected With HIV-1 And HBV

Advise patients that severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are coinfected with HBV and HIV-1 and have discontinued EMTRIVA (emtricitabine) or VIREAD (tenofovir DF), which are components of ATRIPLA [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Lactic Acidosis And Severe Hepatomegaly

Inform patients that lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported. Treatment with ATRIPLA should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical symptoms suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

New Onset Or Worsening Renal Impairment

Inform patients that renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome, has been reported. Advise patients to avoid using ATRIPLA with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g., high-dose or multiple NSAIDs) [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Bone Effects Of Tenofovir DF

Inform patients that decreases in bone mineral density have been observed with the use of tenofovir DF. Advise patients that bone mineral density monitoring may be performed in patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Dosing Instructions

Advise patients to take ATRIPLA orally on an empty stomach and that it is important to take ATRIPLA on a regular dosing schedule to avoid missing doses.

Nervous System Symptoms

• Inform patients that central nervous system symptoms (NSS) including dizziness, insomnia, impaired concentration, drowsiness, and abnormal dreams, are commonly reported during the first weeks of therapy with efavirenz. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these symptoms, which are likely to improve with continued therapy.
• Alert patients to the potential for additive effects when ATRIPLA is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs.
• Instruct patients that if they experience NSS to avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Psychiatric Symptoms

• Inform patients that serious psychiatric symptoms including severe depression, suicide attempts, aggressive behavior, delusions, paranoia, psychosis-like symptoms, and catatonia have been reported in patients receiving efavirenz [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• Advise patients that if they experience severe psychiatric adverse experiences they should seek immediate medical evaluation.
• Advise patients to inform their physician of any history of mental illness or substance abuse.

Rash

Inform patients that a common side effect is rash, and that rashes usually go away without any change in treatment. However, since rash may be serious, advise patients to contact their physician promptly if rash occurs [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Reproductive Risk Potential

• Instruct women receiving ATRIPLA to avoid pregnancy [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. A reliable form of barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception, including oral or other hormonal contraception. Because of the long half-life of efavirenz, recommend use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of ATRIPLA.
• Advise women to notify their physician if they become pregnant or plan to become pregnant while taking ATRIPLA.
• Apprise women of the potential harm to the fetus if ATRIPLA is used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

Efavirenz: Long-term carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were carried out with efavirenz. Mice were dosed with 0, 25, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and pulmonary alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas were increased above background in females. No increases in tumor incidence above background were seen in males. In studies in which rats were administered efavirenz at doses of 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 years, no increases in tumor incidence above background were observed. The systemic exposure (based on AUCs) in mice was approximately 1.7-fold that in humans receiving the 600mg/day dose. The exposure in rats was lower than that in humans. The mechanism of the carcinogenic potential is unknown. However, in genetic toxicology assays, efavirenz showed no evidence of mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo studies. These included bacterial mutation assays in S. typhimurium and E. coli, mammalian mutation assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chromosome aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Given the lack of genotoxic activity of efavirenz, the relevance to humans of neoplasms in efavirenz-treated mice is not known.

Efavirenz did not impair mating or fertility of male or female rats, and did not affect sperm of treated male rats. The reproductive performance of offspring born to female rats given efavirenz was not affected. As a result of the rapid clearance of efavirenz in rats, systemic drug exposures achieved in these studies were equivalent to or below those achieved in humans given therapeutic doses of efavirenz.

Emtricitabine: In long-term carcinogenicity studies of emtricitabine, no drug-related increases in tumor incidence were found in mice at doses up to 750 mg/kg/day (26 times the human systemic exposure at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg/day) or in rats at doses up to 600 mg/day (31 times the human systemic exposure at the therapeutic dose).

Emtricitabine was not genotoxic in the reverse mutation bacterial test (Ames test), or the mouse lymphoma or mouse micronucleus assays.

Emtricitabine did not affect fertility in male rats at approximately 140-fold or in male and female mice at approximately 60-fold higher exposures (AUC) than in humans given the recommended 200 mg daily dose. Fertility was normal in the offspring of mice exposed daily from before birth (in utero) through sexual maturity at daily exposures (AUC) of approximately 60-fold higher than human exposures at the recommended 200 mg daily dose.

Tenofovir DF: Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of tenofovir DF in mice and rats were carried out at exposures up to approximately 16 times (mice) and 5 times (rats) those observed in humans at the therapeutic dose for HIV-1 infection. At the high dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at exposures 16 times that in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings at exposures up to 5 times that observed in humans at the therapeutic dose.

Tenofovir DF was mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and negative in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test). In an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, tenofovir DF was negative when administered to male mice.

There were no effects on fertility, mating performance, or early embryonic development when tenofovir DF was administered to male rats at a dose equivalent to 10 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days prior to mating and to female rats for 15 days prior to mating through Day 7 of gestation. There was, however, an alteration of the estrous cycle in female rats.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category D [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry

To monitor fetal outcomes of pregnant women, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients who become pregnant by calling (800) 258-4263.

Efavirenz: As of July 2010, the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has received prospective reports of 792 pregnancies exposed to efavirenz-containing regimens, nearly all of which were first-trimester exposures (718 pregnancies). Birth defects occurred in 17 of 604 live births (first-trimester exposure) and 2 of 69 live births (second/third-trimester exposure). One of these prospectively reported defects with first-trimester exposure was a neural tube defect. A single case of anophthalmia with first-trimester exposure to efavirenz has also been prospectively reported; however, this case included severe oblique facial clefts and amniotic banding, a known association with anophthalmia. There have been six retrospective reports of findings consistent with neural tube defects, including meningomyelocele. All mothers were exposed to efavirenz-containing regimens in the first trimester. Although a causal relationship of these events to the use of efavirenz has not been established, similar defects have been observed in preclinical studies of efavirenz.

Animal Data

Effects of efavirenz on embryo-fetal development have been studied in three nonclinical species (cynomolgus monkeys, rats, and rabbits). In monkeys, efavirenz 60 mg/kg/day was administered to pregnant females throughout pregnancy (gestation Days 20 through 150). The maternal systemic drug exposures (AUC) were 1.3 times the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose (600 mg/day), with fetal umbilical venous drug concentrations approximately 0.7 times the maternal values. Three fetuses of 20 fetuses/infants had one or more malformations; there were no malformed fetuses or infants from placebo-treated mothers. The malformations that occurred in these three monkey fetuses included anencephaly and unilateral anophthalmia in one fetus, microphthalmia in a second, and cleft palate in the third. There was no NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) established for this study because only one dosage was evaluated. In rats, efavirenz was administered either during organogenesis (gestation Days 7 to 18) or from gestation Day 7 through lactation Day 21 at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day. Administration of 200 mg/kg/day in rats was associated with an increase in the incidence of early resorptions, and doses 100 mg/kg/day and greater were associated with early neonatal mortality. The AUC at the NOAEL (50 mg/kg/day) in this rat study was 0.1 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Drug concentrations in the milk on lactation Day 10 were approximately 8 times higher than those in maternal plasma. In pregnant rabbits, efavirenz was neither embryo lethal nor teratogenic when administered at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day over the period of organogenesis (gestation Days 6 through 18). The AUC at the NOAEL (75 mg/kg/day) in rabbits was 0.4 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose.

Nursing Mothers

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1 infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1. Studies in humans have shown that efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine are excreted in human milk. Because the risks of low-level exposure to efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir to infants are unknown, and because of the potential for HIV-1 transmission, mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are receiving ATRIPLA.

Emtricitabine

Samples of breast milk obtained from five HIV-1 infected mothers show that emtricitabine is secreted in human milk. Breastfeeding infants whose mothers are being treated with emtricitabine may be at risk for developing viral resistance to emtricitabine. Other emtricitabine-associated risks in infants breastfed by mothers being treated with emtricitabine are unknown.

Tenofovir DF

Samples of breast milk obtained from five HIV-1 infected mothers show that tenofovir is secreted in human milk. Tenofovir-associated risks, including the risk of viral resistance to tenofovir, in infants breastfed by mothers being treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are unknown.

Pediatric Use

ATRIPLA should only be administered to pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with a body weight greater than or equal to 40 kg (greater than or equal to 88 lbs). Because ATRIPLA is a fixed-dose combination tablet, the dose adjustments recommended for pediatric patients younger than 12 years of age for each individual component cannot be made with ATRIPLA [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Geriatric Use

Clinical trials of efavirenz, emtricitabine, or tenofovir DF did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for elderly patients should be cautious, keeping in mind the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Hepatic Impairment

ATRIPLA is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment because there are insufficient data to determine an appropriate dose. Patients with mild hepatic impairment may be treated with ATRIPLA at the approved dose. Because of the extensive cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of efavirenz and limited clinical experience in patients with hepatic impairment, caution should be exercised in administering ATRIPLA to these patients [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Renal Impairment

Because ATRIPLA is a fixed-dose combination, it should not be prescribed for patients requiring dosage adjustment such as those with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min) [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored for evidence of toxicity, and standard supportive treatment applied as necessary. Administration of activated charcoal may be used to aid removal of unabsorbed EFV. Hemodialysis can remove both FTC and TDF (refer to detailed information below), but is unlikely to significantly remove EFV from the blood.

Efavirenz

Some patients accidentally taking 600 mg twice daily have reported increased nervous system symptoms. One patient experienced involuntary muscle contractions.

Emtricitabine

Hemodialysis treatment removes approximately 30% of the FTC dose over a 3-hour dialysis period starting within 1.5 hours of FTC dosing (blood flow rate of 400 mL/min and a dialysate flow rate of 600 mL/min). It is not known whether FTC can be removed by peritoneal dialysis.

Tenofovir DF

Tenofovir is efficiently removed by hemodialysis with an extraction coefficient of approximately 54%. Following a single 300 mg dose of TDF, a 4-hour hemodialysis session removed approximately 10% of the administered tenofovir dose.

Contraindications

• ATRIPLA is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, or toxic skin eruptions) to efavirenz, a component of ATRIPLA [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
• ATRIPLA is contraindicated to be coadministered with voriconazole or elbasvir/grazoprevir [see DRUG INTERACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Mechanism Of Action

ATRIPLA is a fixed-dose combination of antiviral drugs EFV, FTC, and TDF [see Microbiology ].

Pharmacodynamics

Cardiac Electrophysiology

Efavirenz

The effect of EFV on the QTc interval was evaluated in an open-label, positive and placebo-controlled, fixed single sequence 3-period, 3-treatment crossover QT study in 58 healthy subjects enriched for CYP2B6 polymorphisms. The mean Cmax of EFV in subjects with CYP2B6 *6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days was 2.25-fold the mean Cmax observed in subjects with CYP2B6 *1/*1 genotype. A positive relationship between EFV concentration and QTc prolongation was observed. Based on the concentration-QTc relationship, the mean QTc prolongation and its upper bound 90% confidence interval are 8.7 msec and 11.3 msec in subjects with CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Pharmacokinetics

ATRIPLA

One ATRIPLA tablet is bioequivalent to one Sustiva tablet (600 mg) plus one EMTRIVA^® capsule (200 mg) plus one VIREAD^® tablet (300 mg) following single-dose administration to fasting healthy subjects (N=45).

Efavirenz

In HIV-1 infected subjects time-to-peak plasma concentrations were approximately 3–5 hours and steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 6–10 days. In 35 HIV-1 infected subjects receiving EFV 600 mg once daily, steady-state Cmax was 12.9 ± 3.7 μM (mean ± SD), Cmin was 5.6 ± 3.2 μM, and AUC was 184 ± 73 μM·hr. EFV is highly bound (approximately 99.5–99.75%) to human plasma proteins, predominantly albumin. Following administration of 14C-labeled EFV, 14–34% of the dose was recovered in the urine (mostly as metabolites) and 16–61% was recovered in feces (mostly as parent drug). In vitro studies suggest CYP3A and CYP2B6 are the major isozymes responsible for EFV metabolism. EFV has been shown to induce CYP enzymes, resulting in induction of its own metabolism. EFV has a terminal half-life of 52–76 hours after single doses and 40–55 hours after multiple doses.

Emtricitabine

Following oral administration, FTC is rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations occurring at 1–2 hours postdose. Following multiple dose oral administration of FTC to 20 HIV-1 infected subjects, the steady-state plasma FTC Cmax was 1.8 ± 0.7 μg/mL (mean ± SD) and the AUC over a 24-hour dosing interval was 10.0 ± 3.1 μg•hr/mL. The mean steady-state plasma trough concentration at 24 hours postdose was 0.09 μg/mL. The mean absolute bioavailability of FTC was 93%. Less than 4% of FTC binds to human plasma proteins in vitro, and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.02−200 μg/mL. Following administration of radiolabelled FTC, approximately 86% is recovered in the urine and 13% is recovered as metabolites. The metabolites of FTC include 3′-sulfoxide diastereomers and their glucuronic acid conjugate. FTC is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 213 ± 89 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the plasma FTC half-life is approximately 10 hours.

Tenofovir DF

Following oral administration of a single 300 mg dose of TDF to HIV-1 infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) were achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs (mean ± SD) and Cmax and AUC values were 296 ± 90 ng/mL and 2287 ± 685 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from TDF in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Less than 0.7% of tenofovir binds to human plasma proteins in vitro, and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.01–25 μg/mL. Approximately 70−80% of the intravenous dose of tenofovir is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 243 ± 33 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the terminal elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 17 hours.

Effects of Food on Oral Absorption

ATRIPLA has not been evaluated in the presence of food. Administration of EFV tablets with a high-fat meal increased the mean AUC and Cmax of EFV by 28% and 79%, respectively, compared to administration in the fasted state. Compared to fasted administration, dosing of TDF and FTC in combination with either a high-fat meal or a light meal increased the mean AUC and Cmax of tenofovir by 35% and 15%, respectively, without affecting FTC exposures [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and PATIENT INFORMATION].

Specific Populations

Race

Efavirenz

The pharmacokinetics of EFV in HIV-1 infected subjects appear to be similar among the racial groups studied.

Emtricitabine

No pharmacokinetic differences due to race have been identified following the administration of FTC.

Tenofovir DF

There were insufficient numbers from racial and ethnic groups other than Caucasian to adequately determine potential pharmacokinetic differences among these populations following the administration of TDF.

Gender

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir DF

EFV, FTC, and tenofovir pharmacokinetics are similar in male and female subjects.

Pediatric Patients

Efavirenz

In an open-label trial in NRTI-experienced pediatric subjects (mean age 8 years, range 3−16 years), the pharmacokinetics of EFV in pediatric subjects were similar to the pharmacokinetics in adults who received a 600 mg daily dose of EFV. Based on mean steady-state predicted population pharmacokinetic modeling in pediatric subjects weighing >40 kg receiving the 600 mg dose of EFV, Cmax was 6.57 μg/mL, Cmin was 2.82 μg/mL, and AUC(0-24) was 254.78 μM•hr.

Emtricitabine

The pharmacokinetics of FTC at steady state were determined in 27 HIV- 1 infected pediatric subjects 13 to 17 years of age receiving a daily dose of 6 mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 240 mg oral solution or a 200-mg capsule; 26 of 27 subjects in this age group received the 200-mg capsule. Mean ± SD Cmax and AUC were 2.7 ± 0.9 μg/mL and 12.6 ± 5.4 μg•hr/mL, respectively. Exposures achieved in pediatric subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age were similar to those achieved in adults receiving a once daily dose of 200 mg.

Tenofovir DF

Steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir were evaluated in 8 HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects (12 to less than 18 years). Mean ± SD Cmax and AUCtau are 0.38 ± 0.13 μg/mL and 3.39 ± 1.22 μg•hr/mL, respectively. Tenofovir exposure achieved in these pediatric subjects receiving oral daily doses of TDF 300 mg was similar to exposures achieved in adults receiving once-daily doses of TDF 300 mg.

Geriatric Patients

Pharmacokinetics of EFV, FTC, and tenofovir have not been fully evaluated in the elderly (65 years of age and older) [see Use In Specific Populations].

Patients With Impaired Renal Function

Efavirenz

The pharmacokinetics of EFV have not been studied in subjects with renal insufficiency; however, less than 1% of EFV is excreted unchanged in the urine, so the impact of renal impairment on EFV elimination should be minimal.

Emtricitabine and Tenofovir DF

The pharmacokinetics of FTC and TDF are altered in subjects with renal impairment. In subjects with creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min, Cmax and AUC0-∞ of FTC and tenofovir were increased [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Patients With Hepatic Impairment

Efavirenz

A multiple-dose trial showed no significant effect on EFV pharmacokinetics in subjects with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A) compared with controls. There were insufficient data to determine whether moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C) affects EFV pharmacokinetics [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Use In Specific Populations].

Emtricitabine

The pharmacokinetics of FTC have not been studied in subjects with hepatic impairment; however, FTC is not significantly metabolized by liver enzymes, so the impact of liver impairment should be limited.

Tenofovir DF

The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following a 300 mg dose of TDF have been studied in non-HIV infected subjects with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. There were no substantial alterations in tenofovir pharmacokinetics in subjects with hepatic impairment compared with unimpaired subjects.

Assessment of Drug Interactions

The drug interaction trials described were conducted with either ATRIPLA or the components of ATRIPLA (EFV, FTC, or TDF) as individual agents.

Efavirenz

The steady-state pharmacokinetics of EFV and tenofovir were unaffected when EFV and TDF were administered together versus each agent dosed alone. Specific drug interaction trials have not been performed with EFV and NRTIs other than tenofovir, lamivudine, and zidovudine. Clinically significant interactions would not be expected based on NRTIs elimination pathways.

Efavirenz has been shown in vivo to cause hepatic enzyme induction, thus increasing the biotransformation of some drugs metabolized by CYP3A and CYP2B6. In vitro studies have shown that EFV inhibited CYP isozymes 2C9 and 2C19 with Ki values (8.5−17 μM) in the range of observed EFV plasma concentrations. In in vitro studies, EFV did not inhibit CYP2E1 and inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 (Ki values 82–160 μM) only at concentrations well above those achieved clinically. Coadministration of EFV with drugs primarily metabolized by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A or CYP2B6 isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Drugs which induce CYP3A and CYP2B6 activity would be expected to increase the clearance of EFV resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.

Drug interaction trials were performed with EFV and other drugs likely to be coadministered or drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interaction. There was no clinically significant interaction observed between EFV and zidovudine, lamivudine, azithromycin, fluconazole, lorazepam, cetirizine, or paroxetine. Single doses of famotidine or an aluminum and magnesium antacid with simethicone had no effects on EFV exposures. The effects of coadministration of EFV on Cmax, AUC, and Cmin are summarized in Table 4 (effect of other drugs on EFV) and Table 5 (effect of EFV on other drugs) see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Table 4: Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters for EFV in the Presence of the Coadministered Drug

 

				Mean % Change of EFV Pharmacokinetic Parametersa (90% CI)
Coadministered Drug	Dose of Coadminister ed Drug (mg)	EFV Dose (mg)	N	Cmax	AUC	Cmin
Lopinavir/ ritonavir	400/100 mg q12h × 9 days	600 mg qd × 9 days	11, 12b	↔	↓ 16 (↓ 38 to ↑ 15)	↓ 16 (↓ 42 to ↑ 20)
Nelfinavir	750 mg q8h × 7 days	600 mg qd × 7 days	10	↓ 12 (↓ 32 to ↑13)c	↓ 12 (↓ 35 to ↑ 18)c	↓ 21 (↓ 53 to ↑ 33)
Ritonavir	500 mg q12h × 8 days	600 mg qd × 10 days	9	↑ 14 (↑ 4 to ↑ 26)	↑ 21 (↑ 10 to ↑ 34)	↑ 25 (↑ 7 to ↑ 46)c
Boceprevir	800 mg tid × 6 days	600 mg qd × 16 days	NA	↑11 (↑ 2 to ↑ 20)	↑ 20 (↑ 15 to ↑ 26)	NA
Rifabutin	300 mg qd × 14 days	600 mg qd × 14 days	11	↔	↔	↓ 12 (↓ 24 to ↑ 1)
Rifampin	600 mg × 7 days	600 mg qd × 7 days	12	↓ 20 (↓ 11 to ↓ 28)	↓ 26 (↓ 15 to ↓ 36)	↓ 32 (↓ 15 to ↓ 46)
Artemether/ lumefantrine	Artemether 20 mg/ lumefantrine 120 mg tablets (6 4-tablet doses over 3 days)	600 mg qd × 26 days	12	↔	↓17	NA
Simvastatin	40 mg qd × 4 days	600 mg qd × 15 days	14	↓ 12 (↓ 28 to ↑ 8)	↔	↓ 12 (↓ 25 to ↑ 3)
Carbamazepine	200 mg qd × 3 days, 200 mg bid × 3 days, then 400 mg qd × 15 days	600 mg qd × 35 days	14	↓ 21 (↓ 15 to ↓ 26)	↓ 36 (↓ 32 to ↓ 40)	↓ 47 (↓ 41 to ↓ 53)
Diltiazem	240 mg × 14 days	600 mg qd × 28 days	12	↑ 16 (↑ 6 to ↑ 26)	↑ 11 (↑ 5 to ↑ 18)	↑ 13 (↑ 1 to ↑ 26)
Voriconazole	400 mg po q12h × 1 day then 200 mg po q12h × 8 days	400 mg qd × 9 days	NA	↑ 38d	↑ 44d	NA
	300 mg po q12h days 2−7	300 mg qd × 7 days	NA	↓ 14e (↓ 7 to ↓ 21)	↔e	NA
	400 mg po q12h days 2−7	300 mg qd × 7 days	NA	↔e	↑ 17e (↑ 6 to ↑ 29)	NA
NA = not available a Increase = ↑; Decrease = ↓; No Effect = ↔ b Parallel-group design; N for EFV + lopinavir/ritonavir, N for EFV alone. c 95% CI d 90% CI not available e Relative to steady-state administration of EFV (600 mg once daily for 9 days).

 

No effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of EFV was observed with the following coadministered drugs: indinavir, saquinavir soft gelatin capsule, simeprevir, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, sofosbuvir, clarithromycin, itraconazole, atorvastatin, pravastatin, or sertraline.

Table 5: Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Coadministered Drug in the Presence of EFV

 

				Mean % Change of Coadministered Drug Pharmacokinetic Parametersa (90% CI)
Coadministered Drug	Dose of Coadministered Drug (mg)	EFV Dose (mg)	N	Cmax	AUC	Cmin
Atazanavir	400 mg qd with a light meal d 1–20	600 mg qd with a light meal d 7–20	27	↓ 59 (↓ 49 to ↓ 67)	↓ 74 (↓ 68 to ↓78)	↓ 93 (↓ 90 to ↓ 95)
	400 mg qd d 1–6, then 300 mg qd d 7–20 with ritonavir 100 mg qd and a light meal	600 mg qd 2 h after atazanavir and ritonavir d 7–20	13	↑ 14b (↓ 17 to ↑ 58)	↑ 39b (↑ 2 to ↑ 88)	↑ 48b (↑ 24 to ↑ 76)
	300 mg qd/ritonavir 100 mg qd d 1-10 (pm), then 400 mg qd/ritonavir 100 mg qd d 11−24 (pm) (simultaneous with EFV)	600 mg qd with a light snack d 11−24 (pm)	14	↑ 17 (↑ 8 to ↑ 27)	↔	↓ 42 (↓ 31 to ↓ 51)
Indinavir	1000 mg q8h × 10 days	600 mg qd × 10 days	20
	After morning dose			↔c	↓ 33c (↓ 26 to ↓ 39)	↓ 39c (↓ 24 to ↓ 51)
	After afternoon dose			↔c	↓ 37c (↓ 26 to ↓ 46)	↓ 52c (↓ 47 to ↓ 57)
	After evening dose			↓ 29c (↓ 11 to ↓ 43)	↓ 46c (↓ 37 to ↓ 54)	↓ 57c (↓ 50 to ↓ 63)
Lopinavir/ ritonavir	400/100 mg q12h × 9 days	600 mg qd × 9 days	11, 7d	↔e	↓ 19e (↓ 36 to ↑ 3)	↓ 39e (↓ 3 to ↓ 62)
Nelfinavir	750 mg q8h × 7 days	600 mg qd × 7 days	10	↑ 21 (↑ 10 to↑ 33)	↑ 20 (↑ 8 to ↑ 34)	↔
Metabolite AG-1402				↓ 40 (↓ 30 to ↓ 48)	↓ 37 (↓ 25 to ↓ 48)	↓ 43 (↓ 21 to ↓ 59)
Ritonavir	500 mg q12h × 8 days	600 mg qd × 10 days	11
	After AM dose			↑ 24 (↑ 12 to ↑ 38)	↑ 18 (↑ 6 to ↑ 33)	↑ 42 (↑ 9 to ↑ 86)f
	After PM dose			↔	↔	↑ 24 (↑ 3 to ↑ 50)f
Saquinavir SGCg	1200 mg q8h × 10 days	600 mg qd × 10 days	12	↓ 50 (↓ 28 to ↓ 66)	↓ 62 (↓ 45 to ↓74)	↓ 56 (↓ 16 to ↓ 77)f
Maraviroc	100 mg bid	600 mg qd	12	↓ 51 (↓ 37 to ↓ 62)	↓ 45 (↓ 38 to ↓ 51)	↓ 45 (↓ 28 to ↓ 57)
Raltegravir	400 mg single dose	600 mg qd	9	↓ 36 (↓ 2 to ↓ 59)	↓ 36 (↓ 20 to ↓ 48)	↓ 21 (↓ 51 to ↑ 28)
Boceprevir	800 mg tid × 6 days	600 mg qd × 16 days	NA	↓ 8 (↓ 22 to ↑ 8)	↓ 19 (↓ 11 to ↓ 25)	↓ 44 (↓ 26 to ↓ 58)
Simeprevir	150 mg qd × 14 days	600 mg qd × 14 days	23	↓ 51 (↓ 46 to ↓ 56)	↓ 71 (↓ 67 to ↓ 74)	↓ 91 (↓ 88 to ↓ 92)
Ledipasvir/ sofosbuvirk	90/400 mg qd × 14 days	600 mg qd × 14 days
Ledipasvir			15	↓ 34 (↓ 25 to ↓ 41)	↓ 34 (↓ 25 to ↓ 41)	↓ 34 (↓ 24 to ↓ 43)
Sofosbuvir				↔	↔	NA
GS-331007l				↔	↔	↔
Sofosbuvirm	400 mg qd single dose	600 mg qd × 14 days	16	↓ 19 (↓ 40 to ↑ 10)	↔	NA
GS-331007l				↓ 23 (↓ 16 to ↓ 30)	↓ 16 (↓ 24 to ↓ 8)	NA
Sofosbuvir/ velpatasvirn	400/100 mg qd × 14 days	600 mg qd × 14 days	14
Sofosbuvir				↑ 38 (↑ 14 to ↑ 67)	↔	NA
GS-331007l				↓ 14 (↓ 20 to ↓ 7)	↔	↔
Velpatasvir				↓ 47 (↓ 57 to ↓ 36)	↓ 53 (↓ 61 to ↓ 43)	↓ 57 (↓ 64 to ↓ 48)
Clarithromycin	500 mg q12h × 7 days	400 mg qd × 7 days	11	↓ 26 (↓ 15 to ↓ 35)	↓ 39 (↓ 30 to ↓ 46)	↓ 53 (↓ 42 to ↓ 63)
14-OH metabolite				↑ 49 (↑ 32 to ↑ 69)	↑ 34 (↑ 18 to ↑ 53)	↑ 26 (↑ 9 to ↑ 45)
Itraconazole	200 mg q12h × 28 days	600 mg qd × 14 days	18	↓ 37 (↓ 20 to ↓ 51)	↓ 39 (↓ 21 to ↓ 53)	↓ 44 (↓ 27 to ↓ 58)
Hydroxyitraconazole				↓ 35 (↓ 12 to ↓ 52)	↓ 37 (↓ 14 to ↓ 55)	↓ 43 (↓ 18 to ↓ 60)
Posaconazole	400 mg (oral suspension) bid × 10 and 20 days	400 mg qd × 10 and 20 days	11	↓ 45 (↓ 34 to ↓ 53)	↓ 50 (↓ 40 to ↓ 57)	NA
Rifabutin	300 mg qd × 14 days	600 mg qd × 14 days	9	↓ 32 (↓ 15 to ↓ 46)	↓ 38 (↓ 28 to ↓ 47)	↓ 45 (↓ 31 to ↓ 56)
Artemether/ lumefantrine	Artemether 20 mg/lumefantrine 120 mg tablets (6 4-tablet doses over 3 days)	600 mg qd × 26 days	12
Artemether				↓ 21	↓ 51	NA
dihydroartemisinin				↓ 38	↓ 46	NA
lumefantrine				↔	↓ 21	NA
Atorvastatin	10 mg qd × 4 days	600 mg qd × 15 days	14	↓ 14 (↓ 1 to ↓ 26)	↓ 43 (↓ 34 to ↓ 50)	↓ 69 (↓ 49 to ↓ 81)
Total active (including metabolites)				↓ 15 (↓ 2 to ↓ 26)	↓ 32 (↓ 21 to ↓ 41)	↓ 48 (↓ 23 to ↓ 64)
Pravastatin	40 mg qd × 4 days	600 mg qd × 15 days	13	↓ 32 (↓ 59 to ↑ 12)	↓ 44 (↓ 26 to ↓ 57)	↓ 19 (↓ 0 to ↓ 35)
Simvastatin	40 mg qd × 4 days	600 mg qd × 15 days	14	↓ 72 (↓ 63 to ↓ 79)	↓ 68 (↓ 62 to ↓ 73)	↓ 45 (↓ 20 to ↓ 62)
Total active (including metabolites)				↓ 68 (↓ 55 to ↓ 78)	↓ 60 (↓ 52 to ↓ 68)	NAh
Carbamazepine	200 mg qd × 3 days, 200 mg bid × 3 days, then 400 mg qd × 29 days	600 mg qd × 14 days	12	↓ 20 (↓ 15 to ↓ 24)	↓ 27 (↓ 20 to ↓ 33)	↓ 35 (↓ 24 to ↓ 44)
Epoxide metabolite				↔	↔	↓ 13 (↓ 30 to ↑ 7)
Diltiazem	240 mg × 21 days	600 mg qd × 14 days	13	↓ 60 (↓ 50 to ↓ 68)	↓ 69 (↓ 55 to ↓ 79)	↓ 63 (↓ 44 to ↓ 75)
Desacetyl diltiazem				↓ 64 (↓ 57 to ↓ 69)	↓ 75 (↓ 59 to ↓ 84)	↓ 62 (↓ 44 to ↓ 75)
N-monodesmethyl diltiazem				↓ 28 (↓ 7 to ↓ 44)	↓ 37 (↓ 17 to ↓ 52)	↓ 37 (↓ 17 to ↓ 52)
Ethinyl estradiol/ norgestimate	0.035 mg/0.25 mg × 14 days	600 mg qd × 14 days
Ethinyl estradiol			21	↔	↔	↔
Norelgestromin			21	↓ 46 (↓ 39 to ↓ 52)	↓ 64 (↓ 62 to ↓ 67)	↓ 82 (↓ 79 to ↓ 85)
Levonorgestrel			6	↓ 80 (↓ 77 to ↓ 83)	↓ 83 (↓ 79 to ↓ 87)	↓ 86 (↓ 80 to ↓ 90)
Methadone	Stable maintenance 35– 100 mg daily	600 mg qd × 14–21 days	11	↓ 45 (↓ 25 to ↓ 59)	↓ 52 (↓ 33 to ↓ 66)	NA
Bupropion	150 mg single dose (sustainedrelease)	600 mg qd × 14 days	13	↓ 34 (↓ 21 to ↓ 47)	↓ 55 (↓ 48 to ↓ 62)	NA
Hydroxybupropion				↑ 50 (↑ 20 to ↑ 80)	↔	NA
Sertraline	50 mg qd × 14 days	600 mg qd × 14 days	13	↓ 29 (↓ 15 to ↓ 40)	↓ 39 (↓ 27 to ↓ 50)	↓ 46 (↓ 31 to ↓ 58)
Voriconazole	400 mg po q12h × 1 day then 200 mg po q12h x 8 days	400 mg qd × 9 days	NA	↓ 61i	↓ 77i	NA
	300 mg po q12h days 2−7	300 mg qd × 7 days	NA	↓ 36j (↓ 21 to ↓ 49)	↓ 55j (↓ 45 to ↓ 62)	NA
	400 mg po q12h days 2−7	300 mg qd × 7 days	NA	↑ 23j (↓ 1 to ↑ 53)	↓ 7j (↓ 23 to ↑ 13)	`NA
NA = not available a Increase = ↑; Decrease = ↓; No Effect = ↔ b Compared with atazanavir 400 mg qd alone. c Comparator dose of indinavir was 800 mg q8h × 10 days. d Parallel-group design; N for EFV + lopinavir/ritonavir, N for lopinavir/ritonavir alone. e Values are for lopinavir. The pharmacokinetics of ritonavir 100 mg q12h are unaffected by concurrent EFV. f 95% CI g Soft Gelatin Capsule h Not available because of insufficient data. i 90% CI not available. j Relative to steady-state administration of voriconazole (400 mg for 1 day, then 200 mg po q12h for 2 days). k Study conducted with ATRIPLA coadministered with HARVONI. l The predominant circulating nucleoside metabolite of sofosbuvir. m Study conducted with ATRIPLA coadministered with SOVALDI® (sofosbuvir). n Study conducted with ATRIPLA coadministered with EPCLUSA.

 

Emtricitabine and Tenofovir DF

The steady-state pharmacokinetics of FTC and tenofovir were unaffected when FTC and TDF were administered together versus each agent dosed alone.

In vitro and clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies have shown that the potential for CYP mediated interactions involving FTC and tenofovir with other medicinal products is low.

TDF is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transporters. When TDF is coadministered with an inhibitor of these transporters, an increase in absorption may be observed.

No clinically significant drug interactions have been observed between FTC and famciclovir, indinavir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, stavudine, TDF, and zidovudine. Similarly, no clinically significant drug interactions have been observed between TDF and abacavir, EFV, FTC, entecavir, indinavir, lamivudine, lopinavir/ritonavir, methadone, nelfinavir, oral contraceptives, ribavirin, saquinavir/ritonavir, sofosbuvir, or tacrolimus in trials conducted in healthy volunteers.

Following multiple dosing to HIV-negative subjects receiving either chronic methadone maintenance therapy, oral contraceptives, or single doses of ribavirin, steady-state tenofovir pharmacokinetics were similar to those observed in previous trials, indicating a lack of clinically significant drug interactions between these agents and TDF.

The effects of coadministered drugs on the Cmax, AUC, and Cmin of tenofovir are shown in Table 6. The effects of coadministration of TDF on Cmax, AUC, and Cmin of coadministered drugs are shown in Table 7.

Table 6: Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Tenofovir in the Presence of the Coadministered Drug^a,b

 

Coadministered Drug	Dose of Coadministered Drug (mg)	N	Mean % Change of Tenofovir Pharmacokinetic Parametersc (90% CI)
			Cmax	AUC	Cmin
Atazanavird	400 once daily × 14 days	33	↑ 14 (↑ 8 to ↑ 20)	↑ 24 (↑ 21 to ↑ 28)	↑ 22 (↑ 15 to ↑ 30)
Atazanavir/ ritonavird	300/100 once daily	12	↑ 34 (↑ 20 to ↑ 51)	↑ 37 (↑ 30 to ↑ 45)	↑ 29 (↑ 21 to ↑ 36)
Darunavir/ ritonavire	300/100 twice daily	12	↑ 24 (↑ 8 to ↑ 42)	↑ 22 (↑ 10 to ↑ 35)	↑ 37 (↑ 19 to ↑ 57)
Didanosinef	250 or 400 once daily × 7 days	14	↔	↔	↔
Ledipasvir/ sofosbuvir	90/400 once daily	15	↑ 79 (↑ 56 to ↑ 104)	↑ 98 (↑ 77 to ↑ 123)	↑ 163 (↑ 132 to ↑ 197)
Lopinavir/ ritonavir	400/100 twice daily × 14 days	24	↔	↑ 32 (↑ 25 to ↑ 38)	↑ 51 (↑ 37 to ↑ 66)
Sofosbuvir	400 once daily	16	↑ 25 (↑ 8 to ↑ 45)	↔	↔
Sofosbuvir/ velpatasvir	400/100 once daily	15	↑ 77 (↑ 53 to ↑ 104)	↑ 81 (↑ 68 to ↑ 94)	↑ 121 (↑ 100 to ↑ 143)
Tipranavir/ ritonavirg	500/100 twice daily	22	↓ 23 (↓ 32 to ↓ 13)	↓ 2 (↓ 9 to ↑ 5)	↑ 7 (↓ 2 to ↑ 17)
	750/200 twice daily (23 doses)	20	↓ 38 (↓ 46 to ↓ 29)	↑ 2 (↓ 6 to ↑ 10)	↑ 14 (↑ 1 to ↑ 27)
a All interaction trials conducted in healthy volunteers. b Subjects received TDF 300 mg once daily. c Increase = ↑; Decrease = ↓; No Effect = ↔ d Reyataz Prescribing Information. e Prezista Prescribing Information. f Subjects received didanosine buffered tablets. g Aptivus Prescribing Information.

 

Table 7: Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Coadministered Drug in the Presence of TDF^a,b

 

Coadministered Drug	Dose of Coadministered Drug (mg)	N	Mean % Change of Coadministered Drug Pharmacokinetic Parametersc (90% CI)
			Cmax	AUC	Cmin
Atazanavird	400 once daily × 14 days	34	↓ 21 (↓ 27 to ↓ 14)	↓ 25 (↓ 30 to ↓ 19)	↓ 40 (↓ 48 to ↓ 32)
	Atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 once daily × 42 days	10	↓ 28 (↓ 50 to ↑ 5)	↓ 25e (↓ 42 to ↓ 3)	↓ 23e (↓ 46 to ↑ 10)
Darunavirf	Darunavir/ritonavir 300/100 once daily	12	↑ 16 (↓ 6 to ↑ 42)	↑ 21 (↓ 5 to ↑ 54)	↑ 24 (↓ 10 to ↑ 69)
Didanosineg	250 once, simultaneously with TDF and a light mealh	33	↓ 20i (↓ 32 to ↓ 7)	↔i	NA
Lopinavir	Lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 twice daily × 14 days	24	↔	↔	↔
Ritonavir	Lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 twice daily × 14 days	24	↔	↔	↔
Tipranavirj	Tipranavir/ritonavir 500/100 twice daily	22	↓ 17 (↓ 26 to ↓ 6)	↓ 18 (↓ 25 to ↓ 9)	↓ 21 (↓ 30 to ↓ 10)
	Tipranavir/ritonavir 750/200 twice daily (23 doses)	20	↓ 11 (↓ 16 to ↓ 4)	↓ 9 (↓ 15 to ↓ 3)	↓ 12 (↓ 22 to 0)
a All interaction trials conducted in healthy volunteers. b Subjects received TDF 300 mg once daily. c Increase = ↑; Decrease = ↓; No Effect = ↔ d Reyataz Prescribing Information. e In HIV-infected patients, addition of TDF to atazanavir 300 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg, resulted in AUC and Cmin values of atazanavir that were 2.3- and 4-fold higher than the respective values observed for atazanavir 400 mg when given alone. f Prezista Prescribing Information. g Videx EC Prescribing Information. Subjects received didanosine enteric-coated capsules. h 373 kcal, 8.2 g fat. i Compared with didanosine (enteric-coated) 400 mg administered alone under fasting conditions. j Aptivus Prescribing Information.

 

Microbiology

Mechanism Of Action

Efavirenz

EFV is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor of HIV-1. Efavirenz activity is mediated predominantly by noncompetitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. HIV-2 RT and human cellular DNA polymerases α, β, γ, and δ are not inhibited by EFV.

Emtricitabine

Emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form FTC 5′-triphosphate. Emtricitabine 5′-triphosphate inhibits the activity of the HIV-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate and by being incorporated into nascent viral DNA which results in chain termination. Emtricitabine 5′-triphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, ε, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ

Tenofovir DF

TDF is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analog of adenosine monophosphate. TDF requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to tenofovir and subsequent phosphorylations by cellular enzymes to form tenofovir diphosphate. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5′-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.

Antiviral Activity

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir DF

In combination studies evaluating the antiviral activity in cell culture of FTC and EFV together, EFV and tenofovir together, and FTC and tenofovir together, additive to synergistic antiviral effects were observed.

Efavirenz

The concentration of EFV inhibiting replication of wild-type laboratory adapted strains and clinical isolates in cell culture by 90–95% (EC_90-95) ranged from 1.7−25 nM in lymphoblastoid cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and macrophage/monocyte cultures. Efavirenz demonstrated additive antiviral activity against HIV-1 in cell culture when combined with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (delavirdine and nevirapine), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine), protease inhibitors (PIs) (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide. Efavirenz demonstrated additive to antagonistic antiviral activity in cell culture with atazanavir. Efavirenz demonstrated antiviral activity against clade B and most non-clade B isolates (subtypes A, AE, AG, C, D, F, G, J, and N), but had reduced antiviral activity against group O viruses. Efavirenz is not active against HIV-2.

Emtricitabine

The antiviral activity in cell culture of FTC against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, the MAGI-CCR5 cell line, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for FTC were in the range of 0.0013–0.64 μM (0.0003–0.158 μg/mL). In drug combination studies of FTC with NRTIs (abacavir, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine), NNRTIs (delavirdine, EFV, and nevirapine), and PIs (amprenavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), additive to synergistic effects were observed. Emtricitabine displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, and G (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.007–0.075 μM) and showed strain-specific activity against HIV-2 (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.007–1.5 μM).

Tenofovir DF

The antiviral activity in cell culture of tenofovir against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, primary monocyte/macrophage cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EC₅₀ values for tenofovir were in the range of 0.04–8.5 μM. In drug combination studies of tenofovir with NRTIs (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine), NNRTIs (delavirdine, EFV, and nevirapine), and PIs (amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), additive to synergistic effects were observed. Tenofovir displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and O (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.5–2.2 μM) and showed strain-specific activity against HIV-2 (EC₅₀ values ranged from 1.6–5.5 μM).

Resistance

EFV, FTC, and TDF

HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to the combination of FTC and tenofovir have been selected in cell culture and in clinical trials. Genotypic analysis of these isolates identified the M184V/I and/or K65R amino acid substitutions in the viral RT. In addition, a K70E substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase has been selected by tenofovir and results in reduced susceptibility to tenofovir.

In a clinical trial of treatment-naïve subjects [Study 934, see Clinical Studies] resistance analysis was performed on HIV-1 isolates from all confirmed virologic failure subjects with greater than 400 copies/mL of HIV-1 RNA at Week 144 or early discontinuations. Genotypic resistance to EFV, predominantly the K103N substitution, was the most common form of resistance that developed. Resistance to EFV occurred in 13/19 analyzed subjects in the FTC + TDF group and in 21/29 analyzed subjects in the zidovudine/lamivudine fixed-dose combination group. The M184V amino acid substitution, associated with resistance to FTC and lamivudine, was observed in 2/19 analyzed subject isolates in the FTC + TDF group and in 10/29 analyzed subject isolates in the zidovudine/lamivudine group. Through 144 weeks of Study 934, no subjects developed a detectable K65R substitution in their HIV-1 as analyzed through standard genotypic analysis.

In a clinical trial of treatment-naïve subjects, isolates from 8/47 (17%) analyzed subjects receiving TDF developed the K65R substitution through 144 weeks of therapy; 7 of these occurred in the first 48 weeks of treatment and one at Week 96. In treatment experienced subjects, 14/304 (5%) of TDF treated subjects with virologic failure through Week 96 showed greater than 1.4-fold (median 2.7) reduced susceptibility to tenofovir. Genotypic analysis of the resistant isolates showed a substitution in the HIV-1 RT gene resulting in the K65R amino acid substitution.

Efavirenz

Clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility in cell culture to EFV have been obtained. The most frequently observed amino acid substitution in clinical trials with EFV is K103N (54%). One or more RT substitutions at amino acid positions 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 108, 188, 190, 225, 227, and 230 were observed in subjects failing treatment with EFV in combination with other antiretrovirals. Other resistance substitutions observed to emerge commonly included L100I (7%), K101E/Q/R (14%), V108I (11%), G190S/T/A (7%), P225H (18%), and M230I/L (11%).

HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to EFV (greater than 380-fold increase in EC₉₀ value) emerged rapidly under selection in cell culture. Genotypic characterization of these viruses identified substitutions resulting in single amino acid substitutions L100I or V179D, double substitutions L100I/V108I, and triple substitutions L100I/V179D/Y181C in RT.

Emtricitabine

Emtricitabine-resistant isolates of HIV-1 have been selected in cell culture and in clinical trials. Genotypic analysis of these isolates showed that the reduced susceptibility to FTC was associated with a substitution in the HIV-1 RT gene at codon 184 which resulted in an amino acid substitution of methionine by valine or isoleucine (M184V/I).

Tenofovir DF

HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to tenofovir have been selected in cell culture. These viruses expressed a K65R substitution in RT and showed a 2- to 4-fold reduction in susceptibility to tenofovir.

Cross Resistance

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir DF

Cross resistance has been recognized among NNRTIs. Cross resistance has also been recognized among certain NRTIs. The M184V/I and/or K65R substitutions selected in cell culture by the combination of FTC and tenofovir are also observed in some HIV-1 isolates from subjects failing treatment with tenofovir in combination with either lamivudine or FTC, and either abacavir or didanosine. Therefore, cross resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors either or both of these amino acid substitutions.

Efavirenz

Clinical isolates previously characterized as EFV resistant were also phenotypically resistant in cell culture to delavirdine and nevirapine compared to baseline. Delavirdine- and/or nevirapine-resistant clinical viral isolates with NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (A98G, L100I, K101E/P, K103N/S, V106A, Y181X, Y188X, G190X, P225H, F227L, or M230L) showed reduced susceptibility to EFV in cell culture. Greater than 90% of NRTI-resistant isolates tested in cell culture retained susceptibility to EFV.

Emtricitabine

Emtricitabine-resistant isolates (M184V/I) were cross resistant to lamivudine but retained susceptibility in cell culture to didanosine, stavudine, tenofovir, zidovudine, and NNRTIs (delavirdine, EFV, and nevirapine). HIV-1 isolates containing the K65R substitution, selected in vivo by abacavir, didanosine, and tenofovir, demonstrated reduced susceptibility to inhibition by FTC. Viruses harboring substitutions conferring reduced susceptibility to stavudine and zidovudine (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, and K219Q/E) or didanosine (L74V) remained sensitive to FTC.

Tenofovir DF

Cross resistance has been observed among NRTIs. The K65R substitution in HIV-1 RT selected by tenofovir is also selected in some HIV-1 infected patients treated with abacavir, or didanosine. HIV-1 isolates with the K65R substitution also showed reduced susceptibility to FTC and lamivudine. Therefore, cross resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors the K65R substitution. The K70E substitution selected clinically by TDF results in reduced susceptibility to abacavir, didanosine, FTC, and lamivudine. HIV-1 isolates from subjects (N=20) whose HIV-1 expressed a mean of 3 zidovudine-associated RT amino acid substitutions (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N) showed a 3.1-fold decrease in the susceptibility to tenofovir. Subjects whose virus expressed an L74V substitution without zidovudine resistance associated substitutions (N=8) had reduced response to TDF. Limited data are available for patients whose virus expressed a Y115F substitution (N=3), Q151M substitution (N=2), or T69 insertion (N=4), all of whom had a reduced response.

Animal Toxicology And/Or Pharmacology

Efavirenz

Nonsustained convulsions were observed in 6 of 20 monkeys receiving EFV at doses yielding plasma AUC values 4- to 13-fold greater than those in humans given the recommended dose.

Tenofovir DF

Tenofovir and TDF administered in toxicology studies to rats, dogs, and monkeys at exposures (based on AUCs) greater than or equal to 6-fold those observed in humans caused bone toxicity. In monkeys the bone toxicity was diagnosed as osteomalacia. Osteomalacia observed in monkeys appeared to be reversible upon dose reduction or discontinuation of tenofovir. In rats and dogs, the bone toxicity manifested as reduced bone mineral density. The mechanism(s) underlying bone toxicity is unknown.

Evidence of renal toxicity was noted in 4 animal species administered tenofovir and TDF. Increases in serum creatinine, BUN, glycosuria, proteinuria, phosphaturia and/or calciuria and decreases in serum phosphate were observed to varying degrees in these animals. These toxicities were noted at exposures (based on AUCs) 2- to 20-times higher than those observed in humans. The relationship of the renal abnormalities, particularly the phosphaturia, to the bone toxicity is not known.

Clinical Studies

Clinical Study 934 (NCT00112047) supports the use of ATRIPLA tablets in antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected patients.

Clinical Study 073 (NCT00365612) provides clinical experience in subjects with stable, virologic suppression and no history of virologic failure who switched from their current regimen to ATRIPLA.

In antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients, the use of ATRIPLA tablets may be considered for patients with HIV-1 strains that are expected to be susceptible to the components of ATRIPLA as assessed by treatment history or by genotypic or phenotypic testing [see Microbiology].

Study 934

Data through 144 weeks are reported for Study 934, a randomized, openlabel, active-controlled multicenter trial comparing FTC + TDF administered in combination with EFV versus zidovudine/lamivudine fixed-dose combination administered in combination with EFV in 511 antiretroviral-naïve subjects. From Weeks 96 to 144 of the trial, subjects received FTC/TDF fixed-dose combination with EFV in place of FTC + TDF with EFV. Subjects had a mean age of 38 years (range 18–80); 86% were male, 59% were Caucasian, and 23% were Black. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 245 cells/mm³ (range 2–1191), and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.01 log10 copies/mL (range 3.56–6.54). Subjects were stratified by baseline CD4+ cell count (< or ≥200 cells/mm³), and 41% had CD4+ cell counts <200 cells/mm³. Fiftyone percent (51%) of subjects had baseline viral loads >100,000 copies/mL. Treatment outcomes through 48 and 144 weeks for those subjects who did not have EFV resistance at baseline (N=487) are presented in Table 8.

Table 8: Virologic Outcomes of Randomized Treatment at Weeks 48 and 144 (Study 934)

 

Outcomes	At Week 48		At Week 144
	FTC+TDF +EFV (N=244)	AZT/3TC +EFV (N=243)	FTC+TDF +EFV (N=227)a	AZT/3TC +EFV (N=229)a
Responderb	84%	73%	71%	58%
Virologic failurec	2%	4%	3%	6%
Rebound	1%	3%	2%	5%
Never suppressed	0%	0%	0%	0%
Change in antiretroviral regimen	1%	1%	1%	1%
Death	<1%	1%	1%	1%
Discontinued due to adverse event	4%	9%	5%	12%
Discontinued for other reasonsd	10%	14%	20%	22%
a Subjects who were responders at Week 48 or Week 96 (HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL) but did not consent to continue trial after Week 48 or Week 96 were excluded from analysis. b Subjects achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL through Weeks 48 and 144. c Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL through Weeks 48 and 144. d Includes lost to follow-up, patient withdrawal, noncompliance, protocol violation and other reasons.

 

Through Week 48, 84% and 73% of subjects in the FTC + TDF group and the zidovudine/lamivudine group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL (71% and 58% through Week 144). The difference in the proportion of subjects who achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL through 48 weeks largely results from the higher number of discontinuations due to adverse events and other reasons in the zidovudine/lamivudine group in this open-label trial. In addition, 80% and 70% of subjects in the FTC + TDF group and the zidovudine/lamivudine group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL through Week 48 (64% and 56% through Week 144). The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 190 cells/mm³ in the FTC + TDF group and 158 cells/mm³ in the zidovudine/lamivudine group at Week 48 (312 and 271 cells/mm³ at Week 144).

Through 48 weeks, 7 subjects in the FTC + TDF group and 5 subjects in the zidovudine/lamivudine group experienced a new CDC Class C event (10 and 6 subjects through 144 weeks).

Study 073

Study 073 was a 48-week open-label, randomized clinical trial in subjects with stable virologic suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of at least two NRTIs administered in combination with a protease inhibitor (with or without ritonavir) or a NNRTI.

To be enrolled, subjects were to have HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/mL for at least 12 weeks on their current regimen prior to trial entry with no known HIV-1 substitutions conferring resistance to the components of ATRIPLA and no history of virologic failure.

The trial compared the efficacy of switching to ATRIPLA or staying on the baseline antiretroviral regimen (SBR). Subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to switch to ATRIPLA (N=203) or stay on SBR (N=97). Subjects had a mean age of 43 years (range 22-73 years); 88% were male, 68% were white, 29% were Black or African-American, and 3% were of other races. At baseline, median CD4+ cell count was 516 cells/mm³, and 96% had HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL. The median time since onset of antiretroviral therapy was 3 years, and 88% of subjects were receiving their first antiretroviral regimen at trial enrollment.

At Week 48, 89% and 87% of subjects who switched to ATRIPLA maintained HIV RNA <200 copies/mL and <50 copies/mL, respectively, compared to 88% and 85% who remained on SBR; this difference was not statistically significant. No changes in CD4+ cell counts from baseline to Week 48 were observed in either treatment arm.