Esomeprazole Magnesium

Description

The active ingredient in the proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules, USP for oral administration is 5-methoxy-2-[(S)-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2- pyridyl)methyl]sulfinyl]benzimidazole, magnesium salt (2:1). Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole, which is a mixture of the S- and R- isomers. (Initial U.S. approval of esomeprazole magnesium: 2001). Its molecular formula is C₃₄H₃₆MgN₆O₆S₂ with molecular weight of 713.12 on an anhydrous basis. The structural formula is:

Figure 1

 

The magnesium salt is an off-white to pale cream colored powder. It is slightly soluble in water. The stability of esomeprazole magnesium is a function of pH; it rapidly degrades in acidic media, but it has acceptable stability under alkaline conditions. At pH 6.8 (buffer), the half-life of the magnesium salt is about 19 hours at 25°C and about 8 hours at 37°C.

Esomeprazole magnesium, USP is supplied in delayed-release capsules. Each delayed-release capsule contains 20 mg or 40 mg of esomeprazole (present as 22.25 mg, or 44.50 mg esomeprazole magnesium) in the form of enteric-coated pellets with the following inactive ingredients: crospovidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, mannitol, methacrylic acid copolymer type C, sucrose, sugar spheres, talc, titanium dioxide and triethyl citrate. The capsule shells have the following inactive ingredients: gelatin and titanium dioxide. The imprinting ink contains black iron oxide, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, shellac and strong ammonia solution.

Treatment Of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Healing Of Erosive Esophagitis

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules are indicated for the short-term treatment (4 to 8 weeks) in the healing and symptomatic resolution of diagnostically confirmed erosive esophagitis. For those patients who have not healed after 4 to 8 weeks of treatment, an additional 4 to 8 week course of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules may be considered.

Maintenance Of Healing Of Erosive Esophagitis

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules are indicated to maintain symptom resolution and healing of erosive esophagitis. Controlled studies do not extend beyond 6 months.

Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules are indicated for short-term treatment (4 to 8 weeks) of heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD in adults and children 1 year or older.

Risk Reduction Of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules are indicated for the reduction in the occurrence of gastric ulcers associated with continuous NSAID therapy in patients at risk for developing gastric ulcers. Patients are considered to be at risk due to their age ( ≥ 60) and/or documented history of gastric ulcers. Controlled studies do not extend beyond 6 months.

Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules are indicated for the long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.

Dosage And Administration

Esomeprazole magnesium is supplied as delayed-release capsules for oral administration. The recommended dosages are outlined in Table 1. Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules should be taken at least one hour before meals.

The duration of proton pump inhibitor administration should be based on available safety and efficacy data specific to the defined indication and dosing frequency, as described in the prescribing information, and individual patient medical needs. Proton pump inhibitor treatment should only be initiated and continued if the benefits outweigh the risks of treatment.

Table 1: Recommended Dosage Schedule for Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules

Indication	Dose	Frequency
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Healing of Erosive Esophagitis	20 mg or 40 mg	Once Daily for 4 to 8 Weeks*
Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis	20 mg	Once Daily†
Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease	20 mg	Once Daily for 4 Weeks‡
Pediatric GERD
12 to 17 Year Olds
Healing of Erosive Esophagitis	20 mg or 40 mg	Once Daily for 4 to 8 Weeks
Symptomatic GERD	20 mg	Once Daily for 4 Weeks
1 to 11 Year Olds §
Short-term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD	10 mg	Once Daily for up to 8 Weeks
Healing of Erosive Esophagitis
Weight < 20 kg	10 mg	Once Daily for 8 Weeks
Weight ≥ 20 kg	10 mg or 20 mg	Once Daily for 8 Weeks
Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer	20 mg or 40mg	Once Daily for up to 6Months†
Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome	40 mg¶	Twice Daily#
*[See Clinical Studies] The majority of patients are healed within 4 to 8 weeks. For patients who do not heal after 4 to 8 weeks, an additional 4 to 8 weeks of treatment may be considered. †Controlled studies did not extend beyond 6 months. ‡If symptoms do not resolve completely after 4 weeks, an additional 4 weeks of treatment may be considered. §Doses over 1 mg/kg/day have not been studied. ¶The dosage of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules in patients with pathological hypersecretory conditions varies with the individual patient. Dosage regimens should be adjusted to individual patient needs. #Doses up to 24 0 mg daily have been administered [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

 

Special Populations

Hepatic Insufficiency

In patients with mild to moderate liver impairment (Child Pugh Classes A and B), no dosage adjustment is necessary. For patients with severe liver impairment (Child Pugh Class C), a dose of 20 mg of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules should not be exceeded [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Directions for use specific to the route and available methods of administration for this dosage form are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Administration Options

Dosage Form	Route	Options
Delayed-Release Capsules	Oral	Capsule can be swallowed whole. -or- Capsule can be opened and mixed with applesauce.
Delayed-Release Capsules	Nasogastric Tube	Capsule can be opened and the intact pellets emptied into a syringe and delivered through the nasogastric tube.

 

Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules should be swallowed whole.

Alternatively, for patients who have difficulty swallowing capsules, one tablespoon of applesauce can be added to an empty bowl and the esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsule can be opened, and the pellets inside the capsule carefully emptied onto the applesauce. The pellets should be mixed with the applesauce and then swallowed immediately: do not store for future use. The applesauce used should not be hot and should be soft enough to be swallowed without chewing. The pellets should not be chewed or crushed. If the pellets/applesauce mixture is not used in its entirety, the remaining mixture should be discarded immediately.

For patients who have a nasogastric tube in place, esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules can be opened and the intact pellets emptied into a 60 mL catheter tipped syringe and mixed with 50 mL of water. It is important to only use a catheter tipped syringe when administering esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules through a nasogastric tube. Replace the plunger and shake the syringe vigorously for 15 seconds. Hold the syringe with the tip up and check for pellets remaining in the tip. Attach the syringe to a nasogastric tube and deliver the contents of the syringe through the nasogastric tube into the stomach. After administering the pellets, the nasogastric tube should be flushed with additional water. Do not administer the pellets if they have dissolved or disintegrated.

The mixture must be used immediately after preparation.

How Supplied

Dosage Forms And Strengths

Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules, USP are available containing 22.25 mg or 44.50 mg of esomeprazole magnesium, USP equivalent to 20 mg or 40 mg of esomeprazole, respectively.

• The 20 mg capsule is a hard-shell gelatin capsule with a white opaque cap and white opaque body filled with white to off-white colored pellets. The capsule is axially printed with M150 in black ink on the cap and body.
• The 40 mg capsule is a hard-shell gelatin capsule with a white opaque cap and white opaque body filled with white to off-white colored pellets. The capsule is axially printed with M151 in black ink on the cap and body.

Storage And Handling

Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules, USP are available containing 22.25 mg or 44.50 mg of esomeprazole magnesium, USP equivalent to 20 mg or 40 mg of esomeprazole, respectively.

The 20 mg capsule is a hard-shell gelatin capsule with a white opaque cap and white opaque body filled with white to off-white colored pellets. The capsule is axially printed with M150 in black ink on the cap and body. They are available as follows:

NDC 0378-2350-93 bottles of 30 capsules
NDC 0378-2350-77 bottles of 90 capsules
NDC 0378-2350-10 bottles of 1000 capsules

The 40 mg capsule is a hard-shell gelatin capsule with a white opaque cap and white opaque body filled with white to off-white colored pellets. The capsule is axially printed with M151 in black ink on the cap and body. They are available as follows:

NDC 0378-2351-93 bottles of 30 capsules
NDC 0378-2351-77 bottles of 90 capsules
NDC 0378-2351-10 bottles of 1000 capsules

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure.

PHARMACIST: Dispense a Medication Guide with each prescription.

Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A. Manufactured by: Mylan Laboratories Limited, Hyderabad – 500 034, India. Revised: Oct 2016

The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in labeling:

• Acute Interstitial Nephritis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Bone Fracture [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B-12) Deficiency [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Hypomagnesemia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Adults

The safety of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules was evaluated in over 15,000 patients (aged 18 to 84 years) in clinical trials worldwide including over 8,500 patients in the United States and over 6,500 patients in Europe and Canada. Over 2,900 patients were treated in long-term studies for up to 6 to 12 months. In general, esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules were well tolerated in both short and long-term clinical trials.

The safety in the treatment of healing of erosive esophagitis was assessed in four randomized comparative clinical trials, which included 1,240 patients on esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg, 2,434 patients on esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg, and 3,008 patients on omeprazole 20 mg daily. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions ( ≥ 1%) in all three groups were headache (5.5, 5, and 3.8, respectively) and diarrhea (no difference among the three groups). Nausea, flatulence, abdominal pain, constipation, and dry mouth occurred at similar rates among patients taking esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules or omeprazole.

Additional adverse reactions that were reported as possibly or probably related to esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules with an incidence < 1% are listed below by body system:

Body as a Whole: abdomen enlarged, allergic reaction, asthenia, back pain, chest pain, substernal chest pain, facial edema, peripheral edema, hot flushes, fatigue, fever, flu-like disorder, generalized edema, leg edema, malaise, pain, rigors;

Cardiovascular: flushing, hypertension, tachycardia;

Endocrine: goiter;

Gastrointestinal: bowel irregularity, constipation aggravated, dyspepsia, dysphagia, dysplasia GI, epigastric pain, eructation, esophageal disorder, frequent stools, gastroenteritis, GI hemorrhage, GI symptoms not otherwise specified, hiccup, melena, mouth disorder, pharynx disorder, rectal disorder, serum gastrin increased, tongue disorder, tongue edema, ulcerative stomatitis, vomiting;

Hearing: earache, tinnitus;

Hematologic: anemia, anemia hypochromic, cervical lymphadenopathy, epistaxis, leukocytosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia;

Hepatic: bilirubinemia, hepatic function abnormal, SGOT increased, SGPT increased;

Metabolic/Nutritional: glycosuria, hyperuricemia, hyponatremia, increased alkaline phosphatase, thirst, Vitamin B-12 deficiency, weight increase, weight decrease;

Musculoskeletal: arthralgia, arthritis aggravated, arthropathy, cramps, fibromyalgia syndrome, hernia, polymyalgia rheumatica;

Nervous System/Psychiatric: anorexia, apathy, appetite increased, confusion, depression aggravated, dizziness, hypertonia, nervousness, hypoesthesia, impotence, insomnia, migraine, migraine aggravated, paresthesia, sleep disorder, somnolence, tremor, vertigo, visual field defect;

Reproductive: dysmenorrhea, menstrual disorder, vaginitis;

Respiratory: asthma aggravated, coughing, dyspnea, larynx edema, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis;

Skin and Appendages: acne, angioedema, dermatitis, pruritus, pruritus ani, rash, rash erythematous, rash maculo-papular, skin inflammation, sweating increased, urticaria;

Special Senses: otitis media, parosmia, taste loss, taste perversion;

Urogenital: abnormal urine, albuminuria, cystitis, dysuria, fungal infection, hematuria, micturition frequency, moniliasis, genital moniliasis, polyuria;

Visual: conjunctivitis, vision abnormal.

The following potentially clinically significant laboratory changes in clinical trials, irrespective of relationship to esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules, were reported in ≤ 1% of patients: increased creatinine, uric acid, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, ALT, AST, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelets, serum gastrin, potassium, sodium, thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Decreases were seen in hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelets, potassium, sodium, and thyroxine.

Endoscopic findings that were reported as adverse reactions include: duodenitis, esophagitis, esophageal stricture, esophageal ulceration, esophageal varices, gastric ulcer, gastritis, hernia, benign polyps or nodules, Barrett’s esophagus, and mucosal discoloration.

The incidence of treatment-related adverse reactions during 6-month maintenance treatment was similar to placebo. There were no differences in types of related adverse reactions seen during maintenance treatment up to 12 months compared to short-term treatment.

Two placebo-controlled studies were conducted in 710 patients for the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. The most common adverse reactions that were reported as possibly or probably related to esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules were diarrhea (4.3%), headache (3.8%), and abdominal pain (3.8%).

Pediatrics

The safety of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules was evaluated in 316 pediatric and adolescent patients aged 1 to 17 years in four clinical trials for the treatment of symptomatic GERD [see Clinical Studies]. In 109 pediatric patients aged 1 to 11 years, the most frequently reported (at least 1%) treatment-related adverse reactions in these patients were diarrhea (2.8%), headache (1.9%) and somnolence (1.9%). In 149 pediatric patients aged 12 to 17 years the most frequently reported (at least 2%) treatment-related adverse reactions in these patients were headache (8.1%), abdominal pain (2.7%), diarrhea (2%), and nausea (2%).

No new safety concerns were identified in pediatric patients.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These reports are listed below by body system:

Blood and Lymphatic: agranulocytosis, pancytopenia;

Eye: blurred vision;

Gastrointestinal: pancreatitis; stomatitis; microscopic colitis;

Hepatobiliary: hepatic failure, hepatitis with or without jaundice;

Immune System: anaphylactic reaction/shock; systemic lupus erythematosus;

Infections and Infestations: GI candidiasis; Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea;

Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders: hypomagnesemia,with or without hypocalcemia and/or hypokalemia;

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue: muscular weakness, myalgia, bone fracture;

Nervous System: hepatic encephalopathy, taste disturbance;

Psychiatric: aggression, agitation, depression, hallucination;

Renal and Urinary: interstitial nephritis;

Reproductive System and Breast: gynecomastia;

Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal: bronchospasm;

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue: alopecia, erythema multiforme, hyperhidrosis, photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (some fatal), cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Interference With Antiretroviral Therapy

Concomitant use of atazanavir and nelfinavir with proton pump inhibitors is not recommended. Coadministration of atazanavir with proton pump inhibitors is expected to substantially decrease atazanavir plasma concentrations and may result in a loss of therapeutic effect and the development of drug resistance. Co-administration of saquinavir with proton pump inhibitors is expected to increase saquinavir concentrations, which may increase toxicity and require dose reduction.

Omeprazole, of which esomeprazole is an enantiomer, has been reported to interact with some antiretroviral drugs. The clinical importance and the mechanisms behind these interactions are not always known. Increased gastric pH during omeprazole treatment may change the absorption of the antiretroviral drug. Other possible interaction mechanisms are via CYP2C19.

Reduced Concentrations Of Atazanavir And Nelfinavir

For some antiretroviral drugs, such as atazanavir and nelfinavir, decreased serum levels have been reported when given together with omeprazole. Following multiple doses of nelfinavir (1250 mg, twice daily) and omeprazole (40 mg daily), AUC was decreased by 36% and 92%, Cmax by 37% and 89% and Cmin by 39% and 75% respectively for nelfinavir and M8. Following multiple doses of atazanavir (400 mg, daily) and omeprazole (40 mg, daily, 2 hr before atazanavir), AUC was decreased by 94%, Cmax by 96%, and Cmin by 95%. Concomitant administration with omeprazole and drugs such as atazanavir and nelfinavir is therefore not recommended.

Increased Concentrations Of Saquinavir

For other antiretroviral drugs, such as saquinavir, elevated serum levels have been reported, with an increase in AUC by 82%, in Cmax by 75%, and in Cmin by 106%, following multiple dosing of saquinavir/ritonavir (1000 mg/100 mg) twice daily for 15 days with omeprazole 40 mg daily coadministered days 11 to 15. Therefore, clinical and laboratory monitoring for saquinavir toxicity is recommended during concurrent use with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules. Dose reduction of saquinavir should be considered from the safety perspective for individual patients.

There are also some antiretroviral drugs of which unchanged serum levels have been reported when given with omeprazole.

Drugs For Which Gastric pH Can Affect Bioavailability

Due to its effects on gastric acid secretion, esomeprazole can reduce the absorption of drugs where gastric pH is an important determinant of their bioavailability. Like with other drugs that decrease the intragastric acidity, the absorption of drugs such as ketoconazole, atazanavir, iron salts, erlotinib, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) can decrease, while the absorption of drugs such as digoxin can increase during treatment with esomeprazole. Esomeprazole is an enantiomer of omeprazole. Concomitant treatment with omeprazole (20 mg daily) and digoxin in healthy subjects increased the bioavailability of digoxin by 10% (30% in two subjects). Co-administration of digoxin with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules is expected to increase the systemic exposure of digoxin. Therefore, patients may need to be monitored when digoxin is taken concomitantly with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules.

Co-administration of omeprazole in healthy subjects and in transplant patients receiving MMF has been reported to reduce the exposure to the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possibly due to a decrease in MMF solubility at an increased gastric pH. The clinical relevance of reduced MPA exposure on organ rejection has not been established in transplant patients receiving esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules and MMF. Use esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules with caution in transplant patients receiving MMF [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Effects On Hepatic Metabolism/Cytochrome P-450 Pathways

Esomeprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that esomeprazole is not likely to inhibit CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4. No clinically relevant interactions with drugs metabolized by these CYP enzymes would be expected. Drug interaction studies have shown that esomeprazole does not have any clinically significant interactions with phenytoin, warfarin, quinidine, clarithromycin, or amoxicillin.

However, postmarketing reports of changes in prothrombin measures have been received among patients on concomitant warfarin and esomeprazole therapy. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and even death. Patients treated with proton pump inhibitors and warfarin concomitantly may need to be monitored for increases in INR and prothrombin time.

Esomeprazole may potentially interfere with CYP2C19, the major esomeprazole metabolizing enzyme. Co-administration of esomeprazole 30 mg and diazepam, a CYP2C19 substrate, resulted in a 45% decrease in clearance of diazepam.

Clopidogrel

Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite in part by CYP2C19. Concomitant use of esomeprazole 40 mg results in reduced plasma concentrations of the active metabolite of clopidogrel and a reduction in platelet inhibition. Avoid concomitant administration of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules with clopidogrel. When using esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules, consider use of alternative anti-platelet therapy [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Omeprazole acts as an inhibitor of CYP2C19. Omeprazole, given in doses of 40 mg daily for one week to 20 healthy subjects in cross-over study, increased Cmax and AUC of cilostazol by 18% and 26% respectively. Cmax and AUC of one of its active metabolites, 3,4-dihydrocilostazol, which has 4 to 7 times the activity of cilostazol, were increased by 29% and 69% respectively. Co-administration of cilostazol with esomeprazole is expected to increase concentrations of cilostazol and its above mentioned active metabolite. Therefore a dose reduction of cilostazol from 100 mg twice daily to 50 mg twice daily should be considered.

Concomitant administration of esomeprazole and a combined inhibitor of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, such as voriconazole, may result in more than doubling of the esomeprazole exposure. Dose adjustment of esomeprazole is not normally required. However, in patients with Zollinger-Ellison’s Syndrome, who may require higher doses up to 240 mg/day, dose adjustment may be considered.

Drugs known to induce CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 or both (such as rifampin) may lead to decreased esomeprazole serum levels. Omeprazole, of which esomeprazole is an enantiomer, has been reported to interact with St. John’s Wort, an inducer of CYP3A4. In a cross-over study in 12 healthy male subjects, St. John’s Wort (300 mg three times daily for 14 days) significantly decreased the systemic exposure of omeprazole in CYP2C19 poor metabolisers (Cmax and AUC decreased by 37.5% and 37.9%, respectively) and extensive metabolisers (Cmax and AUC decreased by 49.6 % and 43.9%, respectively). Avoid concomitant use of St. John’s Wort or rifampin with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules.

Interactions With Investigations Of Neuroendocrine Tumors

Drug-induced decrease in gastric acidity results in enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and increased Chromogranin A levels which may interfere with investigations for neuroendocrine tumors [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Tacrolimus

Concomitant administration of esomeprazole and tacrolimus may increase the serum levels of tacrolimus.

Methotrexate

Case reports, published population pharmacokinetic studies, and retrospective analyses suggest that concomitant administration of PPIs and methotrexate (primarily at high dose; see methotrexate prescribing information) may elevate and prolong serum levels of methotrexate and/or its metabolite hydroxymethotrexate. However, no formal drug interaction studies of methotrexate with PPIs have been conducted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

Precautions

Presence Of Gastric Malignancy

In adults, symptomatic response to therapy with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy. Consider additional follow-up and diagnostic testing in adult patients who have a suboptimal response or an early symptomatic relapse after completing treatment with a PPI. In older patients, also consider an endoscopy.

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Acute interstitial nephritis has been observed in patients taking PPIs including esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules. Acute interstitial nephritis may occur at any point during PPI therapy and is generally attributed to an idiopathic hypersensitivity reaction. Discontinue esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules if acute interstitial nephritis develops [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].

Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea

Published observational studies suggest that PPI therapy like esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules may be associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, especially in hospitalized patients. This diagnosis should be considered for diarrhea that does not improve [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated.

Clostridium-difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents.

Bone Fracture

Several published observational studies suggest that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy may be associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist, or spine. The risk of fracture was increased in patients who received high-dose, defined as multiple daily doses, and long-term PPI therapy (a year or longer). Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated. Patients at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures should be managed according to established treatment guidelines [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Cutaneous And Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been reported in patients taking PPIs, including esomeprazole. These events have occurred as both new onset and an exacerbation of existing autoimmune disease. The majority of PPI-induced lupus erythematosus cases were CLE.

The most common form of CLE reported in patients treated with PPIs was subacute CLE (SCLE) and occurred within weeks to years after continuous drug therapy in patients ranging from infants to the elderly. Generally, histological findings were observed without organ involvement.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is less commonly reported than CLE in patients receiving PPIs. PPI associated SLE is usually milder than non-drug induced SLE. Onset of SLE typically occurred within days to years after initiating treatment primarily in patients ranging from young adults to the elderly. The majority of patients presented with rash; however, arthralgia and cytopenia were also reported.

Avoid administration of PPIs for longer than medically indicated. If signs or symptoms consistent with CLE or SLE are noted in patients receiving esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules, discontinue the drug and refer the patient to the appropriate specialist for evaluation. Most patients improve with discontinuation of the PPI alone in 4 to 12 weeks. Serological testing (e.g., ANA) may be positive and elevated serological test results may take longer to resolve than clinical manifestations.

Interaction With Clopidogrel

Avoid concomitant use of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules with clopidogrel. Clopidogrel is a prodrug. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by clopidogrel is entirely due to an active metabolite. The metabolism of clopidogrel to its active metabolite can be impaired by use with concomitant medications, such as esomeprazole, that inhibit CYP2C19 activity. Concomitant use of clopidogrel with 40 mg esomeprazole reduces the pharmacological activity of clopidogrel. When using esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules consider alternative anti-platelet therapy [see DRUG INTERACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B-12) Deficiency

Daily treatment with any acid-suppressing medications over a long period of time (e.g., longer than 3 years) may lead to malabsorption of cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B-12) caused by hypo- or achlorhydria. Rare reports of cyanocobalamin deficiency occurring with acid-suppressing therapy have been reported in the literature. This diagnosis should be considered if clinical symptoms consistent with cyanocobalamin deficiency are observed.

Hypomagnesemia

Hypomagnesemia, symptomatic and asymptomatic, has been reported rarely in patients treated with PPIs for at least 3 months, in most cases after a year of therapy. Serious adverse events include tetany, arrhythmias, and seizures. In most patients, treatment of hypomagnesemia required magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.

For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with medications such as digoxin or drugs that may cause hypomagnesemia (e.g., diuretics), healthcare professionals may consider monitoring magnesium levels prior to initiation of PPI treatment and periodically [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Concomitant Use Of Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules With St. John’s Wort Or Rifampin

Drugs which induce CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 (such as St. John’s Wort or rifampin) can substantially decrease esomeprazole concentrations [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Avoid concomitant use of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules with St. John’s Wort or rifampin.

Interactions With Diagnostic Investigations For Neuroendocrine Tumors

Serum chromogranin A (CgA) levels increase secondary to drug-induced decreases in gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors. Healthcare providers should temporarily stop esomeprazole treatment at least 14 days before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if initial CgA levels are high. If serial tests are performed (e.g., for monitoring), the same commercial laboratory should be used for testing, as reference ranges between tests may vary [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Concomitant Use Of Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules With Methotrexate

Literature suggests that concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose; see methotrexate prescribing information) may elevate and prolong serum levels of methotrexate and/or its metabolite, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. In high-dose methotrexate administration a temporary withdrawal of the PPI may be considered in some patients [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Patient Counseling Information

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

Adverse Reactions

Advise patients to report to their healthcare provider if they experience any signs or symptoms consistent with:

• Hypersensitivity Reactions [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]
• Acute Interstitial Nephritis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Bone Fracture [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B-12) Deficiency [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Hypomagnesemia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Drug Interactions

• Advise patients to let you know if they are taking, or begin taking, other medications, because esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules can interfere with antiretroviral drugs and drugs that are affected by gastric pH changes [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Administration

• Let patients know that antacids may be used while taking esomeprazole magnesium delayedrelease capsules.
• Advise patients to take esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules at least 1 hour before a meal.
• For patients who are prescribed esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules, advise them not to chew or crush the capsules.
• Advise patients that, if they open esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules to mix the pellets with food, the pellets should only be mixed with applesauce. Use with other foods has not been evaluated and is not recommended.
• For patients who are advised to open the esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules before taking them, instruct them in the proper technique for administration [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION] and tell them to follow the dosing instructions in the PATIENT INFORMATION insert included in the package. Instruct patients to rinse the syringe with water after each use.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

The carcinogenic potential of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules was assessed using studies of omeprazole, of which esomeprazole is an enantiomer. In two 24-month oral carcinogenicity studies in rats, omeprazole at daily doses of 1.7 mg/kg/day, 3.4 mg/kg/day, 13.8 mg/kg/day, 44 mg/kg/day, and 140.8 mg/kg/day (about 0.4 to 34 times the human dose of 40 mg/day expressed on a body surface area basis) produced gastric ECL cell carcinoids in a dose-related manner in both male and female rats; the incidence of this effect was markedly higher in female rats, which had higher blood levels of omeprazole. Gastric carcinoids seldom occur in the untreated rat. In addition, ECL cell hyperplasia was present in all treated groups of both sexes. In one of these studies, female rats were treated with 13.8 mg omeprazole/kg/day (about 3.4 times the human dose of 40 mg/day on a body surface area basis) for 1 year, then followed for an additional year without the drug. No carcinoids were seen in these rats. An increased incidence of treatment-related ECL cell hyperplasia was observed at the end of 1 year (94% treated vs. 10% controls). By the second year the difference between treated and control rats was much smaller (46% vs. 26%) but still showed more hyperplasia in the treated group. Gastric adenocarcinoma was seen in one rat (2%). No similar tumor was seen in male or female rats treated for 2 years. For this strain of rat no similar tumor has been noted historically, but a finding involving only one tumor is difficult to interpret. A 78-week mouse carcinogenicity study of omeprazole did not show increased tumor occurrence, but the study was not conclusive.

Esomeprazole was negative in the Ames mutation test, in the in vivo rat bone marrow cell chromosome aberration test, and the in vivo mouse micronucleus test. Esomeprazole, however, was positive in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration test. Omeprazole was positive in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration test, the in vivo mouse bone marrow cell chromosome aberration test, and the in vivo mouse micronucleus test.

The potential effects of esomeprazole on fertility and reproductive performance were assessed using omeprazole studies. Omeprazole at oral doses up to 138 mg/kg/day in rats (about 34 times the human dose of 40 mg/day on a body surface area basis) was found to have no effect on reproductive performance of parental animals.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C.

Risk Summary

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules in pregnant women. Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole. Available epidemiologic data fail to demonstrate an increased risk of major congenital malformations or other adverse pregnancy outcomes with first trimester omeprazole use.

Teratogenicity was not observed in animal reproduction studies with administration of oral esomeprazole magnesium in rats and rabbits with doses about 68 times and 42 times, respectively, an oral human dose of 40 mg (based on a body surface area basis for a 60 kg person). However, changes in bone morphology were observed in offspring of rats dosed through most of pregnancy and lactation at doses equal to or greater than approximately 34 times an oral human dose of 40 mg (see Animal Data). Because of the observed effect at high doses of esomeprazole magnesium on developing bone in rat studies, esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Human Data

Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole. Four epidemiological studies compared the frequency of congenital abnormalities among infants born to women who used omeprazole during pregnancy with the frequency of abnormalities among infants of women exposed to H2 -receptor antagonists or other controls.

A population-based retrospective cohort epidemiological study from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry, covering approximately 99% of pregnancies, from 1995 to 1999, reported on 955 infants (824 exposed during the first trimester with 39 of these exposed beyond first trimester, and 131 exposed after the first trimester) whose mothers used omeprazole during pregnancy. The number of infants exposed in utero to omeprazole that had any malformation, low birth weight, low Apgar score, or hospitalization was similar to the number observed in this population. The number of infants born with ventricular septal defects and the number of stillborn infants was slightly higher in the omeprazoleexposed infants than the expected number in this population.

A population-based retrospective cohort study covering all live births in Denmark from 1996 to 2009, reported on 1,800 live births whose mothers used omeprazole during the first trimester of pregnancy and 837,317 live births whose mothers did not use any proton pump inhibitor. The overall rate of birth defects in infants born to mothers with first trimester exposure to omeprazole was 2.9% and 2.6% in infants born to mothers not exposed to any proton pump inhibitor during the first trimester.

A retrospective cohort study reported on 689 pregnant women exposed to either H2- blockers or omeprazole in the first trimester (134 exposed to omeprazole) and 1,572 pregnant women unexposed to either during the first trimester. The overall malformation rate in offspring born to mothers with first trimester exposure to omeprazole, an H2 -blocker, or were unexposed was 3.6%, 5.5%, and 4.1% respectively.

A small prospective observational cohort study followed 113 women exposed to omeprazole during pregnancy (89% first trimester exposures). The reported rate of major congenital malformations was 4% in the omeprazole group, 2% in controls exposed to non-teratogens, and 2.8% in disease paired controls. Rates of spontaneous and elective abortions, preterm deliveries, gestational age at delivery, and mean birth weight were similar among the groups.

Several studies have reported no apparent adverse short-term effects on the infant when single dose oral or intravenous omeprazole was administered to over 200 pregnant women as premedication for cesarean section under general anesthesia.

Animal Data

Reproduction studies have been performed with esomeprazole magnesium in rats at oral doses up to 280 mg/kg/day (about 68 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis) and in rabbits at oral doses up to 86 mg/kg/day (about 41 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to esomeprazole magnesium.

A pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity study in rats with additional endpoints to evaluate bone development was performed with esomeprazole magnesium at oral doses of 14 mg/kg/day to 280 mg/kg/day (about 3.4 to 68 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis). Neonatal/early postnatal (birth to weaning) survival was decreased at doses equal to or greater than 138 mg/kg/day (about 34 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis). Body weight and body weight gain were reduced and neurobehavioral or general developmental delays in the immediate post-weaning timeframe were evident at doses equal to or greater than 69 mg/kg/day (about 17 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis). In addition, decreased femur length, width and thickness of cortical bone, decreased thickness of the tibial growth plate and minimal to mild bone marrow hypocellularity were noted at doses equal to or greater than 14 mg/kg/day (about 3.4 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis). Physeal dysplasia in the femur was observed in offspring of rats treated with oral doses of esomeprazole magnesium at doses equal to or greater than 138 mg/kg/day (about 34 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis).

Effects on maternal bone were observed in pregnant and lactating rats in a pre- and postnatal toxicity study when esomeprazole magnesium was administered at oral doses of 14 mg/kg/day to 280 mg/kg/day (about 3.4 to 68 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis). When rats were dosed from gestational day 7 through weaning on postnatal day 21, a statistically significant decrease in maternal femur weight of up to 14% (as compared to placebo treatment) was observed at doses equal to or greater than 138 mg/kg/day (about 34 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis).

A pre- and postnatal development study in rats with esomeprazole strontium (using equimolar doses compared to esomeprazole magnesium study) produced similar results in dams and pups as described above.

Nursing Mothers

Esomeprazole is likely present in human milk. Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole and limited data indicate that maternal doses of omeprazole 20 mg daily produce low levels in human milk. Caution should be exercised when esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules are administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules have been established in pediatric patients 1 to 17 years of age for short-term treatment (up to 8 weeks) of GERD.

1 To 17 Years Of Age

Use of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules in pediatric and adolescent patients 1 to 17 years of age for short-term treatment (up to 8 weeks) of GERD is supported by extrapolation of results from adequate and well-controlled studies for adults and safety and pharmacokinetic studies performed in pediatric and adolescent patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, and Clinical Studies]. The safety and effectiveness of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules for other pediatric uses have not been established.

Juvenile Animal Data

In a juvenile rat toxicity study, esomeprazole was administered with both magnesium and strontium salts at oral doses about 34 to 68 times a daily human dose of 40 mg based on body surface area. Increases in death were seen at the high dose, and at all doses of esomeprazole, there were decreases in body weight, body weight gain, femur weight and femur length, and decreases in overall growth [see Nonclinical Toxicology].

Geriatric Use

Of the total number of patients who received esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules in clinical trials, 1,459 were 65 to 74 years of age and 354 patients were ≥ 75 years of age.

No overall differences in safety and efficacy were observed between the elderly and younger individuals, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

A single oral dose of esomeprazole at 510 mg/kg (about 124 times the human dose on a body surface area basis), was lethal to rats. The major signs of acute toxicity were reduced motor activity, changes in respiratory frequency, tremor, ataxia, and intermittent clonic convulsions.

The symptoms described in connection with deliberate esomeprazole overdose (limited experience of doses in excess of 240 mg/day) are transient. Single doses of 80 mg of esomeprazole were uneventful. Reports of overdosage with omeprazole in humans may also be relevant. Doses ranged up to 2,400 mg (120 times the usual recommended clinical dose). Manifestations were variable, but included confusion, drowsiness, blurred vision, tachycardia, nausea, diaphoresis, flushing, headache, dry mouth, and other adverse reactions similar to those seen in normal clinical experience (see omeprazole package insert – ADVERSE REACTIONS). No specific antidote for esomeprazole is known. Since esomeprazole is extensively protein bound, it is not expected to be removed by dialysis. In the event of overdosage, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.

As with the management of any overdose, the possibility of multiple drug ingestion should be considered. For current information on treatment of any drug overdose contact a Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222.

Contraindications

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to substituted benzimidazoles or to any component of the formulation. Hypersensitivity reactions may include anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchospasm, acute interstitial nephritis, and urticaria [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Mechanism Of Action

Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell. The S- and R-isomers of omeprazole are protonated and converted in the acidic compartment of the parietal cell forming the active inhibitor, the achiral sulphenamide. By acting specifically on the proton pump, esomeprazole blocks the final step in acid production, thus reducing gastric acidity. This effect is dose-related up to a daily dose of 20 mg to 40 mg and leads to inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

Pharmacodynamics

Antisecretory Activity

The effect of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules on intragastric pH was determined in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease in two separate studies. In the first study of 36 patients, esomeprazole magnesium 40 mg and 20 mg delayed-release capsules were administered over 5 days. The results are shown in the Table 3:

Table 3: Effect on Intragastric pH on Day 5 (N = 36)

Parameter	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 20 mg
% Time Gastric	70%*	53%
pH > 4† (Hours)	(16.8 h)	(12.7 h)
Coefficient of variation	26%	37%
Median 24 Hour pH	4.9*	4.1
Coefficient of variation	16%	27%
*p < 0.01 esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 4 0 mg vs. esomeprazole magnesium delayedrelease capsules 20 mg. †Gastric pH was measured over a 24 -hour period.

 

In a second study, the effect on intragastric pH of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg administered once daily over a 5 day period was similar to the first study, (% time with pH > 4 was 68% or 16.3 hours).

Serum Gastrin Effects

The effect of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules on serum gastrin concentrations was evaluated in approximately 2,700 patients in clinical trials up to 8 weeks and in over 1,300 patients for up to 6 to 12 months. The mean fasting gastrin level increased in a dose-related manner. This increase reached a plateau within 2 to 3 months of therapy and returned to baseline levels within 4 weeks after discontinuation of therapy.

Increased gastrin causes enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and increased serum Chromogranin A (CgA) levels. The increased CgA levels may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors. Healthcare providers should temporarily stop esomeprazole treatment at least 14 days before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if initial CgA levels are high.

Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cell Effects

In 24-month carcinogenicity studies of omeprazole in rats, a dose-related significant occurrence of gastric ECL cell carcinoid tumors and ECL cell hyperplasia was observed in both male and female animals [see Nonclinical Toxicology]. Carcinoid tumors have also been observed in rats subjected to fundectomy or long-term treatment with other proton pump inhibitors or high doses of H2 -receptor antagonists.

Human gastric biopsy specimens have been obtained from more than 3,000 patients (both children and adults) treated with omeprazole in long-term clinical trials. The incidence of ECL cell hyperplasia in these studies increased with time; however, no case of ECL cell carcinoids, dysplasia, or neoplasia has been found in these patients.

In over 1,000 patients treated with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules (10 mg/day, 20 mg/day or 40 mg/day) up to 6 to 12 months, the prevalence of ECL cell hyperplasia increased with time and dose. No patient developed ECL cell carcinoids, dysplasia, or neoplasia in the gastric mucosa.

Endocrine Effects

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules had no effect on thyroid function when given in oral doses of 20 mg or 40 mg for 4 weeks. Other effects of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules on the endocrine system were assessed using omeprazole studies. Omeprazole given in oral doses of 30 mg or 40 mg for 2 to 4 weeks had no effect on carbohydrate metabolism, circulating levels of parathyroid hormone, cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, prolactin, cholecystokinin, or secretin.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules contain an enteric-coated pellet formulation of esomeprazole magnesium. After oral administration peak plasma levels (Cmax) occur at approximately 1.5 hours (Tmax). The Cmax increases proportionally when the dose is increased, and there is a 3-fold increase in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from 20 mg to 40 mg. At repeated once daily dosing with 40 mg, the systemic bioavailability is approximately 90% compared to 64% after a single dose of 40 mg. The mean exposure (AUC) to esomeprazole increases from 4.32 μmol*hr/L on Day 1 to 11.2 μmol*hr/L on Day 5 after 40 mg once daily dosing.

The AUC after administration of a single 40 mg dose of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules is decreased by 43% to 53% after food intake compared to fasting conditions. Esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules should be taken at least one hour before meals.

The pharmacokinetic profile of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules was determined in 36 patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease following repeated once daily administration of 20 mg and 40 mg capsules of esomeprazole over a period of 5 days. The results are shown in the Table 4:

Table 4: Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Esomeprazole on Day 5 Following Oral Dosing for 5 Days

Parameter* (CV)	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 20 mg
AUC (μmol•h/L)	12.6 (42%)	4.2 (59%)
Cmax (μmol/L)	4.7 (37%)	2.1 (45%)
Tmax (h)	1.6	1.6
t½ (h)	1.5	1.2
*Values represent the geometric mean, except the T which is the arithmetic mean; CV = Coefficient of variation.

 

Distribution

Esomeprazole is 97% bound to plasma proteins. Plasma protein binding is constant over the concentration range of 2 to 20 μmol/L. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state in healthy volunteers is approximately 16 L.

Metabolism

Esomeprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system. The metabolites of esomeprazole lack antisecretory activity. The major part of esomeprazole’s metabolism is dependent upon the CYP2C19 isoenzyme, which forms the hydroxy and desmethyl metabolites. The remaining amount is dependent on CYP3A4 which forms the sulphone metabolite. CYP2C19 isoenzyme exhibits polymorphism in the metabolism of esomeprazole, since some 3% of Caucasians and 15% to 20% of Asians lack CYP2C19 and are termed Poor Metabolizers. At steady state, the ratio of AUC in Poor Metabolizers to AUC in the rest of the population (Extensive Metabolizers) is approximately 2.

Following administration of equimolar doses, the S- and R-isomers are metabolized differently by the liver, resulting in higher plasma levels of the S- than of the R-isomer.

Excretion

The plasma elimination half-life of esomeprazole is approximately 1 to 1.5 hours. Less than 1% of parent drug is excreted in the urine. Approximately 80% of an oral dose of esomeprazole is excreted as inactive metabolites in the urine, and the remainder is found as inactive metabolites in the feces.

Pharmacokinetics

Concomitant Use With Clopidogrel

Results from a cross-over study in healthy subjects have shown a pharmacokinetic interaction between clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose/75 mg daily maintenance dose) and esomeprazole (40 mg p.o. once daily) when co-administered for 30 days. Exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel was reduced by 35% to 40% over this time period. Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured and demonstrated that the change in inhibition of platelet aggregation was related to the change in the exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite.

Concomitant Use with Mycophenolate Mofetil

Administration of omeprazole 20 mg twice daily for 4 days and a single 1000 mg dose of MMF approximately one hour after the last dose of omeprazole to 12 healthy subjects in a cross-over study resulted in a 52% reduction in the Cmax and 23% reduction in the AUC of MPA.

Special Populations

Geriatric

The AUC and Cmax values were slightly higher (25% and 18%, respectively) in the elderly as compared to younger subjects at steady state. Dosage adjustment based on age is not necessary.

1 to 11 Years of Age

The pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged 1 to 11 years. Following once daily dosing for 5 days, the total exposure (AUC) for the 10 mg dose in patients aged 6 to 11 years was similar to that seen with the 20 mg dose in adults and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. The total exposure for the 10 mg dose in patients aged 1 to 5 years was approximately 30% higher than the 10 mg dose in patients aged 6 to 11 years. The total exposure for the 20 mg dose in patients aged 6 to 11 years was higher than that observed with the 20 mg dose in 12 to 17 year-olds and adults, but lower than that observed with the 40 mg dose in 12 to 17 year-olds and adults. See Table 6.

Table 6: Summary of PK Parameters in 1 to 11 Year Olds with GERD following 5 Days of Once Daily Oral Esomeprazole Treatment

Parameter	1 to 5 Year Olds10 mg (N = 8)	6 to 11 Year Olds
		10 mg (N = 7)	20 mg (N = 6)
AUC (μmol*h/L)*	4.83	3.70	6.28
Cmax (μmol/L)*	2.98	1.77	3.73
tmax (h)†	1.44	1.79	1.75
t½λz (h)*	0.74	0.88	0.73
Cl/F (L/h)*	5.99	7.84	9.22
*Geometric mean. †Arithmetic mean.

 

12 to 17 Years of Age

The pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole were studied in 28 adolescent patients with GERD aged 12 to 17 years inclusive, in a single center study. Patients were randomized to receive esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg or 40 mg once daily for 8 days. Mean Cmax and AUC values of esomeprazole were not affected by body weight or age; and more than dose-proportional increases in mean Cmax and AUC values were observed between the two dose groups in the study. Overall, esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsule pharmacokinetics in adolescent patients aged 12 to 17 years were similar to those observed in adult patients with symptomatic GERD. See Table 7.

Table 7: Comparison of PK Parameters in 12 to 17 Year Olds with GERD and Adults with Symptomatic GERD Following the Repeated Daily Oral Dose Administration of Esomeprazole*

	12 to 17 Year Olds (N = 28)		Adults (N = 36)
	20 mg	40 mg	20 mg	40 mg
AUC (μmol*h/L)	3.65	13.86	4.2	12.6
Cmax (μmol/L)	1.45	5.13	2.1	4.7
tmax (h)	2.00	1.75	1.6	1.6
t½λz (h)	0.82	1.22	1.2	1.5
Data presented are geometric means for AUC, C max and t½ λz , and median value for tmax *Duration of treatment for 12 to 17 year olds and adults were 8 days and 5 days, respectively. Data were obtained from two independent studies.

 

Gender

The AUC and C values were slightly higher (13%) in females than in males at steady state. Dosage adjustment based on gender is not necessary.

Hepatic Insufficiency

The steady state pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole obtained after administration of 40 mg once daily to 4 patients each with mild (Child Pugh A), moderate (Child Pugh Class B), and severe (Child Pugh Class C) liver insufficiency were compared to those obtained in 36 male and female GERD patients with normal liver function. In patients with mild and moderate hepatic insufficiency, the AUCs were within the range that could be expected in patients with normal liver function. In patients with severe hepatic insufficiency the AUCs were 2 to 3 times higher than in the patients with normal liver function. No dosage adjustment is recommended for patients with mild to moderate hepatic insufficiency (Child Pugh Classes A and B). However, in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency (Child Pugh Class C) a dose of 20 mg once daily should not be exceeded [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Renal Insufficiency

The pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules in patients with renal impairment are not expected to be altered relative to healthy volunteers as less than 1% of esomeprazole is excreted unchanged in urine.

Other Pharmacokinetic Observations

Co-administration of oral contraceptives, diazepam, phenytoin, or quinidine did not seem to change the pharmacokinetic profile of esomeprazole.

Studies evaluating concomitant administration of esomeprazole and either naproxen (non-selective NSAID) or rofecoxib (COX-2 selective NSAID) did not identify any clinically relevant changes in the pharmacokinetic profiles of esomeprazole or these NSAIDs.

Microbiology

Effects On Gastrointestinal Microbial Ecology

Decreased gastric acidity due to any means, including proton pump inhibitors, increases gastric counts of bacteria normally present in the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors may lead to slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter and possibly Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients.

Animal Toxicology And/Or Pharmacology

Reproduction Studies

Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at oral doses up to 280 mg/kg/day (about 68 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis) and in rabbits at oral doses up to 86 mg/kg/day (about 42 times an oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to esomeprazole [see Use in Specific Populations].

Juvenile Animal Study

A 28-day toxicity study with a 14-day recovery phase was conducted in juvenile rats with esomeprazole magnesium at doses of 70 mg/kg/day to 280 mg/kg/day (about 17 to 68 times a daily oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis). An increase in the number of deaths at the high dose of 280 mg/kg/day was observed when juvenile rats were administered esomeprazole magnesium from postnatal day 7 through postnatal day 35. In addition, doses equal to or greater than 140 mg/kg/day (about 34 times a daily oral human dose of 40 mg on a body surface area basis), produced treatment-related decreases in body weight (approximately 14%) and body weight gain, decreases in femur weight and femur length, and affected overall growth. Comparable findings described above have also been observed in this study with another esomeprazole salt, esomeprazole strontium, at equimolar doses of esomeprazole.

Clinical Studies

Healing Of Erosive Esophagitis

The healing rates of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg, esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg, and omeprazole 20 mg (the approved dose for this indication) were evaluated in patients with endoscopically diagnosed erosive esophagitis in four multicenter, double-blind, randomized studies. The healing rates at Weeks 4 and 8 were evaluated and are shown in the Table 9:

Table 9: Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rate (Life-Table Analysis )

Study	No. of Patients	Treatment Groups	Week 4	Week 8	Significance Level*
1	588	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 20 mg	68.7%	90.6%	N.S.
	588	Omeprazole 20 mg	69.5%	88.3%
2	654	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	75.9%	94.1%	p < 0.001
	656	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 20 mg	70.5%	89.9%	p < 0.05
	650	Omeprazole 20 mg	64.7%	86.9%
3	576 572	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	71.5%	92.2%	N.S.
		Omeprazole 20 mg	68.6%	89.8%
4	1,216	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	81.7%	93.7%	p < 0.001
	1,209	Omeprazole 20 mg	68.7%	84.2%
N.S. = not significant (p > 0.05). *log-rank test vs. omeprazole 20 mg.

 

In these same studies of patients with erosive esophagitis, sustained heartburn resolution and time to sustained heartburn resolution were evaluated and are shown in the Table 10:

Table 10: Sustained Resolution* of Heartburn (Erosive Esophagitis Patients)

Study	No. of Patients	Treatment Groups	Cumulative Percent† with Sustained Resolution
			Day 14	Day 28	Significance Level‡
1	573	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 20 mg	64.3%	72.7%	N.S.
	555	Omeprazole 20 mg	64.1%	70.9%
2	621	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	64.8%	74.2%	p < 0.001
	620	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 20 mg	62.9%	70.1%	N.S.
	626	Omeprazole 20 mg	56.5%	66.6%
3	568	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	65.4%	73.9%	N.S.
	551	Omeprazole 20 mg	65.5%	73.1%
4	1,187	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	67.6%	75.1%	p < 0.001
	1,188	Omeprazole 20	62.5%	70.8%
*Defined as 7 consecutive days with no heartburn reported in daily patient diary. †Defined as the cumulative proportion of patients who have reached the start of sustained resolution. ‡log-rank test vs. omeprazole 20 mg.

 

In these four studies, the range of median days to the start of sustained resolution (defined as 7 consecutive days with no heartburn) was 5 days for esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg, 7 to 8 days for esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg and 7 to 9 days for omeprazole 20 mg.

There are no comparisons of 40 mg of esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules with 40 mg of omeprazole in clinical trials assessing either healing or symptomatic relief of erosive esophagitis.

Long-Term Maintenance Of Healing Of Erosive Esophagitis

Two multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled 4-arm trials were conducted in patients with endoscopically confirmed, healed erosive esophagitis to evaluate esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg (n = 174), 20 mg (n = 180), 10 mg (n = 168) or placebo (n = 171) once daily over 6 months of treatment.

No additional clinical benefit was seen with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg over esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg.

The percentages of patients that maintained healing of erosive esophagitis at the various time points are shown in the Figures 2 and 3:

Figure 2: Maintenance of Healing Rates by Month (Study 177)

 

Figure 3: Maintenance of Healing Rates by Month (Study 178)

 

Patients remained in remission significantly longer and the number of recurrences of erosive esophagitis was significantly less in patients treated with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules compared to placebo.

In both studies, the proportion of patients on esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules who remained in remission and were free of heartburn and other GERD symptoms was well differentiated from placebo.

In a third multicenter open label study of 808 patients treated for 12 months with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg, the percentage of patients that maintained healing of erosive esophagitis was 93.7% for 6 months and 89.4% for 1 year.

Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were conducted in a total of 717 patients comparing 4 weeks of treatment with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg or 40 mg once daily versus placebo for resolution of GERD symptoms. Patients had ≥ 6-month history of heartburn episodes, no erosive esophagitis by endoscopy, and heartburn on at least 4 of the 7 days immediately preceding randomization.

The percentage of patients that were symptom-free of heartburn was significantly higher in the esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsule groups compared to placebo at all follow-up visits (Weeks 1, 2, and 4).

No additional clinical benefit was seen with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg over esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg.

The percent of patients symptom-free of heartburn by day are shown in the Figures 4 and 5:

Figure 4 : Percent of Patients Symptom-Free of Heartburn by Day (Study 225)

 

Figure 5: Percent of Patients Symptom-Free of Heartburn by Day (Study 226)

 

In three European symptomatic GERD trials, esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg and 40 mg and omeprazole 20 mg were evaluated. No significant treatment-related differences were seen.

Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

1 to 11 Years of Age

In a multicenter, parallel-group study, 109 pediatric patients with a history of endoscopically-proven GERD (1 to 11 years of age; 53 female; 89 Caucasian, 19 Black, 1 Other) were treated with esomeprazole once daily for up to 8 weeks to evaluate safety and tolerability. Dosing by patient weight was as follows:

weight < 20 kg: once daily treatment with esomeprazole 5 mg or 10 mg

weight > 20 kg: once daily treatment with esomeprazole 10 mg or 20 mg

Patients were endoscopically characterized as to the presence or absence of erosive esophagitis.

Of the 109 patients, 53 had erosive esophagitis at baseline (51 had mild, 1 moderate, and 1 severe esophagitis). Although most of the patients who had a follow-up endoscopy at the end of 8 weeks of treatment healed, spontaneous healing cannot be ruled out because these patients had low grade erosive esophagitis prior to treatment, and the trial did not include a concomitant control.

12 to 17 Years of Age

In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, 149 adolescent patients (12 to 17 years of age; 89 female; 124 Caucasian, 15 Black, 10 Other) with clinically diagnosed GERD were treated with either esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg or esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 40 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks to evaluate safety and tolerability. Patients were not endoscopically characterized as to the presence or absence of erosive esophagitis.

Risk Reduction Of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer

Two multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were conducted in patients at risk of developing gastric and/or duodenal ulcers associated with continuous use of non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAIDs. A total of 1,429 patients were randomized across the 2 studies. Patients ranged in age from 19 to 89 (median age 66.0 years) with 70.7% female, 29.3% male, 82.9% Caucasian, 5.5% Black, 3.7% Asian, and 8.0% Others. At baseline, the patients in these studies were endoscopically confirmed not to have ulcers but were determined to be at risk for ulcer occurrence due to their age ( ≥ 60 years) and/or history of a documented gastric or duodenal ulcer within the past 5 years. Patients receiving NSAIDs and treated with esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg or 40 mg once-a-day experienced significant reduction in gastric ulcer occurrences relative to placebo treatment at 26 weeks. See Table 11. No additional benefit was seen with esomeprazole magnesium delayedrelease capsules 40 mg over esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules 20 mg. These studies did not demonstrate significant reduction in the development of NSAID-associated duodenal ulcer due to the low incidence.

Table 11: Cumulative Percentage of Patients without Gastric Ulcers at 26 Weeks :

Study	No. of Patients	Treatment Groups	% of Patients Remaining Gastric Ulcer Free *
1	191	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 20 mg	95.4
	194	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	96.7
	184	Placebo	88.2
2	267	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 20mg	94.7
	271	Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules 40 mg	95.3
	257	Placebo	83.3
*% = Life Table Estimate. Significant difference from placebo (p < 0.01).

 

Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

In a multicenter, open-label dose-escalation study of 21 patients (15 males and 6 females, 18 Caucasian and 3 Black, mean age of 55.5 years) with pathological hypersecretory conditions, such as Zollinger- Ellison Syndrome, esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release capsules significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion. Initial dose was 40 mg twice daily in 19/21 patients and 80 mg twice daily in 2/21 patients. Total daily doses ranging from 80 mg to 240 mg for 12 months maintained gastric acid output below the target levels of 10 mEq/h in patients without prior gastric acid-reducing surgery and below 5 mEq/hr in patients with prior gastric acid-reducing surgery. At the Month 12 final visit, 18/20 (90%) patients had Basal Acid Output (BAO) under satisfactory control (median BAO = 0.17 mmol/hr). Of the 18 patients evaluated with a starting dose of 40 mg twice daily, 13 (72%) had their BAO controlled with the original dosing regimen at the final visit. See Table 13.

Table 13: Adequate Acid Suppression at Final Vis it by Dose Regimen

Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsule Dose at the Month 12 Visit	BAO Under Adequate Control at the Month 12 Visit (N = 20)*
40 mg twice daily	13/15
80 mg twice daily	4/4
80 mg three times daily	1/1
*One patient was not evaluated.